PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION: Design and implementation of a novel doctor of pharmacy curriculum
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2021.211.538545Keywords:
Competency-based, Curriculum, Integrated courses, Pass/No Pass grading, PharmacyAbstract
Introduction: The University of California San Francisco School of Pharmacy has a rich tradition of transforming curricula to graduate pharmacists who are equipped to serve the current and future healthcare needs of the public.
Description of programme: This paper describes the process of the design, build, and implementation of a three-year, year-round, competency-based, integrated, Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum with a pass/no pass grading policy.
Evaluation: A variety of data streams are in place to collect data on courses, teaching, and student performance as part of continuous quality improvement activities.
Future Plans: In addition to traditional evaluation metrics of the curriculum the school will implement a career outcomes project to track students’ career and employment placements. The results of the evaluation and assessment activities will be shared in future manuscripts.
References
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). (2015). Guidance for the Accreditation Standards and Key Elements for the Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree (online). Available from: https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/GuidanceforStandards2016FINAL.pdf
Anderson, H.M. (2005). Preface: a methodological series on assessment. American Journal of Pharmacy Education, 69(1).
Carpenter, S.K., Pashler, H., Wixted, J.T., & Vul, E. (2008). The effects of tests on learning and forgetting. Memory & Cognition, 36(2), 438-448. https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.36.2.438
DiVall, M.V., Alston, G.L., Bird, E., Buring, S.M., Kelley, K.A., Murphy, N.L., Schlesselman, L.S., Stowe, C.D., & Szilagyi, J.E. (2014). A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy Education. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 78(9), 160-160. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
Duffy, T. (2011). The Flexner Report— 100 Years Later. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 84(3), 269-276.
Jessee, W.F., & Simon, H.J. (1971). Time utilization by medical students on a pass-fail evaluation system. Journal of Medical Education, 46(4), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-197104000-00003
Johnson, D.W., Johnson R., Holubec, E. (1998). Advanced Cooperative Learning (3rd ed.). Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company.
Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process. (2014). Available from: https://jcpp.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PatientCareProcess-with-supporting-organizations.pdf
Korman, M., & Stubblefield, R.L. (1971). Medical shcool evaluation and internship performance. Journal of Medical Education, 46(8), 670-673. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-197108000-00005
Medina, M. S., Plaza, C. M., Stowe, C. D., Robinson, E. T., DeLander, G., Beck, D. E., Melchert, R.B., Supernaw, R.B., Roche, V.F., Gleason, B.L., Strong, M.N., Bain, A., Meyer, G.E., Dong, B.J., Rochon, J., & Johnston, P. (2013). Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education 2013 educational outcomes. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77(8), 162. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe778162
Pearson, M.L., & Hubball, H.T. (2012). Curricular integration in pharmacy education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(10), 204. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7610204
Roediger, H.L., 3rd, & Karpicke (2006). The Power of Testing Memory: Basic Research and Implications for Educational Practice. Perspective on Psychological Science, 1(3), 181-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x
Roediger, H.L., & Karpicke, J.D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x
Romanelli, F. (2017). Flexner, Educational Reform, and Pharmacy. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 81(2), 21. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe81221
Schuwirth, L.W.T., & Van der Vleuten, C.P.M. (2011). Programmatic assessment: From assessment of learning to assessment for learning. Medical Teacher, 33(6), 478-485. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2011.565828
Short, J.G., & Bloodgood, R.A. (2009). The impact of pass/fail grading. Academic Medicine, 84(11), 1470. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181baa647
Smith, W.E., de Leon, R.F., Herfindal, E.T., Hirschmann, J.L., & Miller, R.A. (2015). The Ninth-Floor Pharmacy Project at the University of California, San Francisco: A seminal development in clinical pharmacy. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 72(23), 2108-2113. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp150695
Spitzer, H.F. (1939). Studies in retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 30, 641-656.
White, C.B., & Fantone, J.C. (2010). Pass-fail grading: laying the foundation for self-regulated learning. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15(4), 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-009-9211-1
Wilkinson, T. (2011). Pass/fail grading: not everything that counts can be counted. Medical Education, 45(9), 860-862. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04018.x