REVIEW: Public health competencies for pharmacists: A scoping review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2021.211.731758Keywords:
Competence, Global health, Pharmacy, Public healthAbstract
Background: Pharmacists are increasingly called to integrate population health approaches into their role. Public health knowledge and skills are recommended to be incorporated into the pharmacy curricula and professional development to enable competence of pharmacists in this area.
Aim: To describe the competencies required by pharmacists to contribute to the public health of populations.
Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature discussing competencies in both pharmacy and public health was conducted. Competencies were extracted into a matrix of pharmacy and public health competencies and inductive coding of themes was undertaken.
Results: Analysis of 58 papers showed important themes of professionalism, communication and collaboration with communities and other health professionals. Pharmacist services providing health promotion, screening and disease prevention should be directed at community needs. Evolution of pharmacy competencies in global health, health informatics and disaster management are current topics.
Conclusion: A public health perspective in all pharmacy competency domains may assist pharmacists to understand their responsibility in improving the health and wellbeing of communities and ensure the profession has a positive impact on local, national and global health indicators.
References
American Academy of Family Physicians, Integration of Primary Care and Public Health Work Group. (2015). Integration of Primary Care and Public Health (Position Paper). Available at: https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/integprimarycareandpublichealth.html
Abraham, R.T., Walls, R.T., Fischer, M., Markovic-Reed, S., Solovieva, T.I., Russell, F.K., & Ducatman, A.M. (2012). Tabletop scenarios for realism in bioterrorism and threat preparedness. West Virginia Medical Journal, 108(6), 12-17
Addo-Atuah, J. (2014). Making a case for a public health orientation in global pharmacy education and practice in the context of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 6, 723-729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2014.05.019
Agomo, C., Udoh, A., Kpokiri, E., & Osuku-Opio, J. (2018). Community pharmacists' contribution to public health: assessing the global evidence base. The Pharmaceutical Journal Clinical Pharmacists, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1211/CP.2018.20204556
American Public Health Association. (2006). The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Available at: https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2014/07/07/13/05/the-role-of-the-pharmacist-in-public-health
Anderson, L., & Wang, L.-N. (2016). Stepping Forward. International Pharmacy Journal, 34(1), 3. Available at: https://www.fip.org/www/streamfile.php?filename=fip/IPJ/IPJ_341_FINAL.compressed.pdf
Anderson, S. (2007). Community pharmacy and public health in Great Britain, 1936 to 2006: how a phoenix rose from the ashes. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61(10), 844-848. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.055442
Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a Methodological Framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Austin, Z. (2020). What just happened (and keeps on happening)?: The experience of COVID-19 in Canadian pharmacy practice and education. Pharmacy Education, 2, 110-113. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2020.202.110113
Benzian, H., Greenspan, J.S., Barrow, J., Hutter, J.W., Loomer, P.M., Stauf, N., & Perry, D.A. (2015). A competency matrix for global oral health. Journal of Dental Education, 79(4), 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2015.79.4.tb05891.x
Boyle, C.J., Beardsley, R.S., & Hayes, M. (2004). Effective leadership and advocacy: Amplifying professional citizenship. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 68(3), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj680363
Bradley, H., Lehmann, U., & Butler, N. (2015). Emerging roles and competencies of district and sub-district pharmacists: a case study from Cape Town. Human Resources for Health [Electronic Resource], 13, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-015-0081-8
Bryson, S., Cox, C., Davison, H., Edmondson-Jones, P., Harris, F., Hinchliffe, A., Mathew, S., Oza, P., Parish, R., Radley, A., Root, G., Scott-Clark, A., Soni, A. (2014). Professional Standards for Public Health Practice for Pharmacy. Available at: https://www.patientlibrary.net/cgi-bin/downloadhw.cgi?file=824;gen=zh3P6He21Uc9du0|ZrJVM@NLLsYmR6ZIecEkRyRE8E7T2S3vxY
Buss, V.H., Shield, A., Kosari, S., & Naunton, M. (2018). The impact of clinical service provided by community pharmacies on the Australian healthcare system: a review of the literature. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 11(22). http://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-018-0149-7
Bzowyckyj, A.S., & Janke, K.K. (2013). A Consensus Definition and Core Competencies for Being an Advocate for Pharmacy. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77(2), Article 24. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe77224
Chen, A.M., Noureldin, M., & Plake, K. (2013). Impact of a health literacy assignment on student pharmacist learning. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9, 531-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.05.002
Coleman, C.A., Hudson, S., & Maine, L.L. (2013). Health Literacy Practices and Educational Competencies for Health Professionals: A Consensus Study. Journal of Health Communication, 18(Supp 1), 82-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.829538
Genat, B., Robinson, P., Parker, E. (2016). Foundation Competencies for Public Health Graduates in Australia. In S. Somerset, P. Robinson, & H. Kelsall (Eds). Council of Academic Public Health Institutions Australia. Available at: http://caphia.com.au/testsite/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/CAPHIA_document_DIGITAL_nov_22.pdf
Covvey, J.R., Conry, J.M., Bullock, K.C., diPietro Mager, N.A., Goad, J., Golchin, N., Patel, R.V., Strand, A.M., Truong, H., Abrons, P.J., Venci, P.D., Patterson-Browning, B. (2016). Public Health and the CAPE 2013 Educational Outcomes: Inclusion, Pedagogical Considerations and Assessments. Available at: http://aacp.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/PublicHealthSIGCAPEpaper.pdf
Covvey, J.R., & Ryan, M. (2018). Use of a Modified Delphi Process to Determine Course Objectives for a Model Global Health Course in a Pharmacy Curriculum. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(8), 6358. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6358
Crane, J.S., McCluskey, J.D., Johnson, G.T., & Harbison, R.D. (2010). Assessment of community healthcare providers ability and willingness to respond to emergencies resulting from bioterrorist attacks. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock, 3(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.55808
Dare, J., Wilkinson, C., Garlepp, M., Lo, J., & Allsop, S. (2017). Community pharmacists require additional support to develop capacity in delivering alcohol-related health information to older adults. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 25(4), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12319
Dean, E., Moffat, M., Skinner, M., de Andrade, A.D., Myezwa, H., & Soderlund, A. (2014). Toward core inter-professional health promotion competencies to address the non-communicable diseases and their risk factors through knowledge translation: Curriculum content assessment. BMC Public Health, 14, 717. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-717
Devraj, R., Butler, L.M., Gupchup, G.V., & Poirier, T.I. (2010). Active-learning strategies to develop health literacy knowledge and skills. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 74(8). https://doi.org/10.5688/aj7408137
Diaz-Cruz, E.S. (2019). If cultural sensitivity is not enough to reduce health disparities, what will pharmacy education do next? Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 11(5), 538-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2019.02.003
Dineen-Griffin, S., Benrimoj, S.I., & Garcia-Cardenas, V. (2020). Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Australi. Pharmacy Practice (1886-3655), 18(2), 1967. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2020.2.1967
DiPietro, N.A., Rush, M.J., Bright, D.R., Kroustos, K.R., & Milks, M.M. (2013). Strategies to engage pharmacy students and residents in worksite-based health and wellness programs. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 5(1), 68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2012.09.008
DiVall, M.V., Edwards, R.A., Stevens, C.A., Zilberman, E., Watanabe, M.D., & Kirwin, J.L. (2013). Student perceptions about developing an evidence-based public health program directed toward a vulnerable population. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 5(2), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2012.09.004
Eades, C.E., Ferguson, J.S., & O'Carroll, R.E. (2011). Public health in community pharmacy: A systematic review of pharmacist and consumer views. BMC Public Health, 11, 582. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-582
Earl, G.L., Harris, E.M., Dave, M., & Estriplet-Jiang, J. (2019). Implementing a health literacy module fostering patient-centered written communication in a cardiovascular prevention elective course. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 11(7), 702-709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2019.03.008
Fleming, M.L., & Parker, E. (2015). Introduction to Public Health (3 ed.). Chatswood NSW: Elsevier
Fox, B.I., Flynn, A.J., Fortier, C.R., & Clauson, K.A. (2011). Knowledge, Skills and Resources for Pharmacy Informatics Education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 75(5), Article 93. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe75593
Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z.A., Cohen, J., Crisp, N., Evans, T., Fineberg, H., Garcia, P., Ke, Y., Kelley, P., Kistnasamy, B., Meleis, A., Naylor, D., Pablos-Mendez, A., Reddy, S., Scrimshaw, S., Sepulveda, J., Serwadda, D., & Zurayk, H. (2010). Health Professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet, 376, 1923-1958. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61854-5
Fritsch, M.A., Culver, N., Culhane, N., Thigpen, J., & Lin, A. (2016). AdvoCaring: A Cocurricular Program to Provide Advocacy and Caring to Underserved Populations in Baltimore. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 80(7), 126. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe807126
Godin, K., Stapleton, J., Kirkpatrick, S.I., Hanning, R.M., & Leatherdale, S.T. (2015). Applying systematic review search methods to the grey literature: a case study examining guidelines for school-based breakfast programs in Canada. Systematic Reviews, 4(138). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-015-0125-0
Haddad, A. M. R., Coover, K. L., Begley, K. J., & Tilleman, J. A. (2012). An advanced pharmacy practice experience in community engagement. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(5). https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe76590
Hager, K.D., Blue, H.L., Zhang, L., & Palombi, L.C. (2019). Opoids: cultivating interprofessional collaboration to find solutions to public health problems. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 33(1), 120-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2018.1516634
Hannings, A.N., von Waldner, T., McEwen, D.W., & White, C.A. (2016). Assessment of Emergency Preparedness Modules in Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 80(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe80223
Healthy People Curriculum Task Force. (2020). Clinical Prevention and Population Health Curriculum Framework. Available at: https://www.teachpopulationhealth.org
Holden, M., & Evans, D. (2019). Healthy Living Pharmacy – knowledge into action. Perspectives in Public Health, 139(1), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913918815425
International Pharmaceutical Federation. (2012). Pharmacy Education Taskforce. A Global Competency Framework. Version 1. Available at: https://www.fip.org/files/fip/PharmacyEducation/GbCF_v1.pdf
International Pharmaceutical Federation. (2016). Responding to disasters: Guidelines for pharmacy 2016. In. The Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation.
International Pharmaceutical Federation. (2020a). The FIP Development Goals: Transforming global pharmacy. The Hague, The Netherlands. Available at: https://www.fip.org/file/4793
International Pharmaceutical Federation. (2020b). FIP Global Competency Framework: Supporting the development of foundation and early career pharmacists. The Hague, The Netherlands. Available at: https://www.fip.org/file/4805
Interprofessional Education Collaborative. (2016). Core Competencies for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice: 2016 Update. Available at: https://hsc.unm.edu/ipe/resources/ipec-2016-core-competencies.pdf
Janke, K.K., Traynor, A.P., & Boyle, C. (2013). Competencies for Student Leadership Development in Doctor of Pharmacy Curricula to Assist Curriculum Committees and Leadership Instructors. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77(10), Article 222. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe771022
Jarvis, C., James, V.L., Giles, J., & Turner, C.J. (2004). Nutrition and nurturing: A service-learning nutrition pharmacy course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 68(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj680126
Joanna Briggs Institute. (2015). The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual 2015. Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. Available at: http://joannabriggs.org/assets/docs/sumari/Reviewers-Manual_Methodology-for-JBI-Scoping-Reviews_2015_v2.pdf
Joanna Briggs Institute, & University of Adelaide. (2013). JBI Levels of Evidence. Available at: https://joannabriggs.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI-Levels-of-evidence_2014_0.pdf
Jogerst, K., Callender, B., Adams, V., Evert, J., Fields, E., Hall, T., Olsen, J., Rowthorn, V., Rudy, S., Shen, J., Simon, L., Torres, H., Velji, A., & Wilson, L.L. (2015). Identifying Interprofessional Global Health Competencies for 21st-Century Health Professionals. Annals of Global Health, 81(2), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.03.006
Johnson, C., & Traynor, A.P. (2018). Idetnifying student learning competencies for urban underserved practice using a Delphi process. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning, 10, 87-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.03.007
Kim, T.E., Shankel, T., Reibling, E.T., Paik, J., Wright, D., Buckman, M., Wild, K., Ngo, E., Hayatshahi, A., Nguyen, L.H., Denmark, T.K., & Thomas, T. L. (2017). Healthcare students interprofessional critical event/disaster response course. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 12(1), 11-26. https://doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2017.0254
King, A.E., & Egras, A.M. (2015). A Required Online Course with a Public Health Focus for Third Professional Year Pharmacy Students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(5), 68. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe79568
Koplan, J.P., Bond, T.C., Merson, M.H., Reddy, K.S., Rodriguez, M.H., Sewankambo, N.K., & Wasserheit, J.N. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet, 373, 1993-1995. https://doi.org./10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9
Kristina, S.A., Yulianto, Y., & Prabandari, Y.S. (2018). Early experience with a health promotion course for pharmacy students in Indonesia. Health Education Journal, 77(2), 241-248. https://doi.org./10.1177/0017896917732362
Law, M.G., Maposa, P., Chambula, E., Steeb, D.R., Eckel, S.F., & Duncan, G. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practice of final-year student pharmacists in public health in Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe: an exploratory survey. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 27(1), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12460
Lee, S.W.H. (2019). Pharmacy student-led health education campaign initiative. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.12.010
Levac, D., Colquhuon, H., & O'Brien, K.K. (2010). Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
Levesque, J.-F., Breton, M., Senn, N., Levesque, P., Bergeron, P., & Roy, D.A. (2013). The Interaction of Public Health and Primary Care: Functional Roles and Organizational Models that Bridge Individual and Population Perspectives. Public Health Reviews, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391699
Little, J., Ortega, M., Powell, M., & Hamm, M. (2019). ASHP Statement on Advocacy as a Professional Obligation. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 76(4), 251-253. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxy040
Lomazzi, M. (2016). A Global Charter for the Public's Health-the public health system: role, functions, competencies and education requirements. European Journal of Public Health, 26(2), 210-212. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw011
Maffeo, C., Chase, P., Brown, B., Tuohy, K., & Kalsekar, I. (2009). My first patient program to introduce first-year pharmacy students to health promotion and disease prevention. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73(6). https://doi.org/10.5688/aj730697
Mantas, J., Ammenwerth, E., Demiris, G., Hasman, A., Haux, R., Hersh, W., Hovenga, E., Lun, K.C., Marin, H., Martin-Sanchez, F., Wright, G. (2010). Recommendations of the international medical informatics association (IMIA) on education in biomedical and health informatics. Methods of Information in Medicine, 49(2), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.3414/ME5119
Markenson, D., DiMaggio, C., & Redlener, I. (2005). Preparing Health Professions Students for Terrorism, Disaster, and Public Health Emergencies: Core Competencies. Academic Medicine, 80(6), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200506000-00002
Martin, L.G., Warholak, T.L., Hincapie, A.L., Gallo, T., Kjos, A. L., & AACP Joint Task Force on Informatics. (2019). Health Informatics Competencies for Pharmacists in Training. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(2), 6512. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6512
McCaig, D., Fitzgerald, N., & Stewart, D. (2011). Provision of advice on alcohol use in community pharmacy: a cross-sectional survey of pharmacists' practice, knowledge, views and confidence. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 19(3), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00111.x
McCourt, E., Singleton, J.A., Tippett, V., & Nissen, L. (2020). Disaster preparedness amongst pharmacists and pharmacy students: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12669
Meyerson, B.E., Ryder, P.T., & Richey-Smith, C. (2013). Achieving Pharmacy-Based Public Health: A Call for Public Health Engagement. Public Health Reports, 128(3), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491312800303
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman., D.G. & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7): e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
Munn, Z., Peters, M.D., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(143). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2018). Community pharmacies: promoting health and wellbeing. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng102
Nemire, R.E., Ward, C.T., Whalen, K., Quinn, J., Subramaniam, V., Gershon, S.K., & Zavod, R.M. (2010). Public health matters: the role of the pharmacist and the academy. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2, 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2009.12.001
NHS Health Check national competency and training working group. (2014). NHS Health Check competence framework. Available at: https://www.healthcheck.nhs.uk/commissioners-and-providers/training/competence-framework-supporting-workbooks/
Nichols-English, G.J., White, C.A., & Brooks, P.J. (2002). Bridging community based pharmacy outreach with service-learning principles. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 66(2), 124-131
Packard, K., Sexson, E., Spangler, M., & Walters, R. (2010). A novel cardiovascular risk screening and health promotion service learning course. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2(4), 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2010.07.001
Palombi, L., Kading, M., & Hayes, C.J. (2013). The public health pharmacist and the role of the pharmacy curriculum: A call to action. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 5, 477-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2013.06.011
Patterson, B.Y. (2008). An advanced pharmacy practice experience in public health. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(5), 125. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj7205125
Pfleger, D.E., McHattie, L.W., Diack, H.L., McCaig, D.J., & Stewart, D.C. (2008). Developing consensus around the pharmaceutical public health competencies for community pharmacists in Scotland. Pharmacy world and science, 30, 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-007-9153-8
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. (2016). National Competency Standards Framework for Pharmacists in Australia. Available at: https://www.psa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/National-Competency-Standards-Framework-for-Pharmacists-in-Australia-2016-PDF-2mb.pdf
Pharmaceutical Society of Australia. (2018). Pharmacists in 2023: A Discussion Paper. Available at: https://www.psa.org.au/advocacy/working-for-our-profession/pharmacists-in-2023/
Poirier, T.I., Butler, L.M., Devraj, R., Gupchup, G.V., Santanello, C., & Lynch, J.C. (2009). A cultural competency course for pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73(5). https://doi.org/10.5688/aj730581
Pontefract, S.K., & Wilson, K. (2019). Using electronic patient records: Defining learning outcomes for undergraduate education 13 Education 1303 Specialist Studies in Education 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services. BMC Medical Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1466-5
Root, G., & Vaney, J. (2017). Pharmacy: A Way Forward for Public Health. Opportunities for action through pharmacy for public health. London: Public Health England. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/643520/Pharmacy_a_way_forward_for_public_health.pdf.
Roux, A.V.D. (2016). On the Distinction - or Lack of Distinction - Between Population Health and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 106(4), 619-620. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303097
Rutland, J.D., & Smith, A.M. (2010). Information needs of the 'frontline' public health workforce. Public Health, 124(11), 659-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.06.002
Saini, B., Shah, S., Kearey, P., Bosnic-Anticevich, S., Grootjans, J., & Armour, C. (2011). Instructional design and assessment: An interprofessional learning module on asthma health promotion. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 75(2). https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe75230
Scott, D.M., Strand, M., Undem, T., Anderson, G., Clarens, A., & Xiyuan, L.I.U. (2016). Assessment of pharmacists' delivery of public health services in rural and urban areas in Iowa and North Dakota. Pharmacy Practice (1886-3655), 14(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2016.04.836
Strand, M.A., Davidson, K.M., & Schulze, N. (2017). Linking pharmacists to the delivery of public health services. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2017.08.011
Strand, M.A., & Miller, D.A. (2014). Pharmacy and public health: A pathway forward. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 54, e220-e224. https://doi.org/10.1331/JAPhA.2014.13145
Teng, M., Khoo, A.L., Zhao, Y.J., Lin, L., & Lim, B.P. (2016). Integrating health technology assessment principles in formulary management. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 32(1-2), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266462316000040
Thomson, K., Hillier-Brown, F., Walton, N., Bilaj, M., Bambra, C., & Todd, A. (2019). The effects of community pharmacy-delivered public health interventions on population health and health inequalities: A review of reviews. Preventive Medicine, 124, 98-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.04.003
Todd, J. (1993). The High Street Health Scheme: promoting health in the community pharmacy. Health Education Journal, 52(1), 34-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/001789699305200107
Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K.K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M.D.J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E.A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M.G., Garritty, C., Lewin, S., Godfrey, C.M., Macdonald, M.T., Langlois, E.V., Soares-Weiser, K., Moriarty, J., Clifford, T., Tunçalp, Ö., Straus, S.E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169, 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
Um, I.S., Armour, C., Krass, I., Gill, T., & Chaar, B.B. (2013). Weight management in community pharmacy: What do the experts think? International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 35(3), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-013-9761-4
Vardanyan, H., Mosegui, G.B. G., & Miranda, E.S. (2018). Skills and Core Competencies of Pharmacists in Humanitarian Assistance. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 33(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X18000304
Walsh, L., Subbarao, I., Gebbie, K., Schor, K.W., Lysznicki, J., Strauss-Riggs, K., Cooper, A., Hsu, E.B., King, R.V., Mitas, J.A., 2nd, Hick, J., Zukowski, R., Altman, B.A., Steinbrecher, R.A., & James, J.J. (2012). Core Competencies for Disaster Medicine and Public Health. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness, 6, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2012.4
Watson, K.E., Schindel, T.J., Barsoum, M.E., & Kung, J.Y. (2021). COVID the Catalyst for Evolving Professional Role Identity? A Scoping Review of Global Pharmacists' Roles and Services as a Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pharmacy, 9, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020099
Wenger, L.M., Rosenthal, M., Sharpe, J.P., & Waite, N. (2016). Confronting inequities: A scoping review of the literature on pharmacist practice and health-related disparities. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 12, 175-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.05.011
Woodard, L.J., Kahaleh, A.A., Nash, J.D., Truong, H., Gogineni, H., & Barbosa-Leiker, C. (2018). Healthy People 2020: assessment of pharmacists' priorities. Public Health, 155, 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.11.010
Woodard, L.J., McKennon, S., Danielson, J., Knuth, J., & Odegard, P. (2016). An elective course to train student pharmacists to deliver a community-based group diabetes prevention program. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 80(6). https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe806106
Zenzano, T., Allan, J. D., Bigley, M. B., Bushardt, R. L., Garr, D. R., Johnson, K., Lang, W., Maeshiro, R., Meyer, S.M., Shannon, S.C., Spolsky, V.W., & Stanley, J.M. (2011). The Roles of Healthcare Professionals in Implementing Clinical Prevention and Population Health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(2), 261-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.023
