PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION: A mentalising education programme for community pharmacy workforce
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.221.7787Keywords:
Community pharmacy, Emotion, Healthcare counselling, Mentalise, PsychoeducationAbstract
This article describes the development and content of the continuing education programme “Counseling first hand – understanding the customer and yourself through mentalising”. The education programme is targeted at the community pharmacy workforce and aims at increasing the pharmacy workforce’ awareness of mental states in pharmacy counselling in order to ultimately centre the interaction around the customer’s perspectives. As such, the education programme combines the traditions of pharmacy practice with a psychologically-based theory of interaction, i.e. mentalising. The education programme is developed between partners from the University of Copenhagen and from Pharmakon-the Danish College of Pharmacy Practice and is funded by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) Health. The continuing education programme spans four months and combines physical attendance with online modules.
References
Allen, J.G. (2003). Mentalising. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 67(2), 91–112. SciTech Premium Collection. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.67.2.91.23440
Allen, J.G. (2006). Mentalising in Practice. In J. G. Allen & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of Mentalisation-Based Treatment (pp. 1–30). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712986.ch1
Bak, P.L. (2012). Promoting mentalising communities for children. In N. Midgley & I. Vrouva (Eds.), Minding the child: Mentalization-based interventions with children, young people and their families (pp. 202–217). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group
Bak, P.L., Midgley, N., Zhu, J.L., Wistoft, K., & Obel, C. (2015). The Resilience Program: Preliminary evaluation of a mentalisation-based education program. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00753
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal Adults, and Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High-functioning Autism. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 42(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00715
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalisation-Based Treatment for Personality Disorders: A Practical Guide. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. Available at : http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kbdk/detail.action?docID=4413992
Bateman, A.W., & Fonagy, P. (2019). Handbook of Mentalising in Mental Health Practice. American Psychiatric Publishing. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kbdk/detail.action?docID=5790646
Benrimoj, S.I., & Fernandez-Llimos, F. (2020). An international series on the integration of community pharmacy in primary health care. Pharmacy Practice, 18(1), 1878. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2020.1.1878
Bridgeman, P.J., Bridgeman, M.B., & Barone, J. (2018). Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 75(3), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170460
Cerezo, P.G., Juvé-Udina, M.-E., & Delgado-Hito, P. (2016). Concepts and measures of patient empowerment: A comprehensive review. Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da USP, 50(4), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420160000500018
Ceulemans, M., Liekens, S., Van Calsteren, K., Allegaert, K., & Foulon, V. (2021). Impact of a blended learning program on community pharmacists’ barriers, knowledge, and counseling practice with regard to preconception, pregnancy and lactation. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(7), 1242–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.09.009
Chong, W.W., Pharm, B., Aslani, P., & Chen, T.F. (2014). Pharmacist-patient communication on use of antidepressants: A simulated patient study in community pharmacy. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.05.006
Clabby, J., & O’Connor, R. (2004). Teaching Learners to Use Mirroring: Rapport Lessons From Neurolinguistic Programming. Family Medicine, 36(8), 541–543
Dimitrijević, A., Hanak, N., Altaras Dimitrijević, A., & Jolić Marjanović, Z. (2018). The Mentalisation Scale (MentS): A Self-Report Measure for the Assessment of Mentalizing Capacity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1310730
Ensink, K., Maheux, J., Normandin, L., Sabourin, S., Diguer, L., Berthelot, N., & Parent, K. (2013). The impact of mentalization training on the reflective function of novice therapists: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, 23(5), 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.800950
Fosgerau, C.F., & Kaae, S. (2021). Furthering patient-centered counseling: Exploring new aspects around pharmacists’ experiences in pharmacy encounters through video-stimulated recall interviewing. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(4), 723–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.018
Gordon, T., & Kragh, B. (1999). Forældreuddannelse: Problemer, konflikter, løsninger / Parent effectiveness training (3rd ed.). Borgen
Haslam-Hopwood, G.T.G., Allen, J.G., Stein, A., & Bleiberg, E. (2006). Enhancing Mentalizing Through Psycho-Education. In J. G. Allen & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of Mentalization-Based Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470712986.ch13
Illeris, K. (2009). Transfer of learning in the learning society: How can the barriers between different learning spaces be surmounted, and how can the gap between learning inside and outside schools be bridged? International Journal of Lifelong Education, 28(2), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370902756986
Kaae, S., Mygind, A., & Saleem, S. (2013). A characterization of the current communication patterns in Danish community pharmacies – An observational study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9(6), 958–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.10.003
Kaae, S., Traulsen, J.M., & Nørgaard, L.S. (2014). Customer interest in and experience with various types of pharmacy counselling—A qualitative study. Health Expectations, 17(6), 852–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12003
Kari, H., Kortejärvi, H., Airaksinen, M., & Laaksonen, R. (2018). Patient involvement is essential in identifying drug‐related problems. 11. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13640
Kirkpatrick, J.D., & Kirkpatrick, W.K. (2016). Kirkpatrick’s Four Levels of Training Evaluation. Association for Talent Development
Koster, E.S., van Meeteren, M.M., van Dijk, M., van den Bemt, B.J.F., Ensing, H.T., Bouvy, M.L., Blom, L., & van Dijk, L. (2015). Patient–provider interaction during medication encounters: A study in outpatient pharmacies in the Netherlands. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(7), 843–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.03.007
Lane, R.D., Quinlan, D.M., Schwartz, G.E., Walker, P.A., & Zeitlin, S.B. (1990). The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: A Cognitive-Developmental Measure of Emotion. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(1/2), 124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674052
Langberg, E.M., Dyhr, L., & Davidsen, A.S. (2019). Development of the concept of patient-centredness – A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 102(7), 1228–1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.02.023
Liekens, S., & Foulon, V. (2019). Pharmaceutical Care and the Role of the Patient. In F. Alves da Costa, J.W.F. van Mil, & A. Alvarez-Risco (Eds.), The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care (pp. 25–31). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92576-9_3
Liekens, S., Vandael, E., Roter, D., Larson, S., Smits, T., Laekeman, G., & Foulon, V. (2014). Impact of training on pharmacists’ counseling of patients starting antidepressant therapy. Patient Education and Counseling, 94(1), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.09.023
Makoul, G., Krupat, E., & Chang, C.-H. (2007). Measuring patient views of physician communication skills: Development and testing of the Communication Assessment Tool. Patient Education and Counseling, 67(3), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2007.05.005
Murad, M.S., Spiers, J.A., & Guirguis, L.M. (2017). Expressing and negotiating face in community pharmacist-patient interactions. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13(6), 1110–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.10.003
Olsson, E., Ingman, P., Ahmed, B., & Kälvemark Sporrong, S. (2014). Pharmacist–patient communication in Swedish community pharmacies. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 10(1), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.03.001
Orlando, I.J. (1961). The dynamic nurse-patient relationship: Function, process, and principles. G.P. Putnam
Padgett, E.H., & Grantner, G.R. (2020). Pharmacist Burnout and Stress. U.S. Pharmarcist, 45(5). https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pharmacist-burnout-and-stress
Park, P. (2001). Knowledge and Participatory Research. In P. Reason & H. Bradbury (Eds.), Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice
Patwardhan, P.D., Amin, M.E., & Chewning, B.A. (2014). Intervention research to enhance community pharmacists’ cognitive services: A systematic review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 10(3), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.07.005
Pomerantz, A. (2005). Using participants’ video-stimulated comments to complement analyses of interactional practices. In H. te Molder & J. Potter (Eds.), Conversation and Cognition (pp. 93–113). Cambridge University Press; Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489990.005
Poulsen, A. (2010). Aktive vurderinger: En sundhedspædagogisk metode til værdiafklaring (1st ed.). Komiteen for Sundhedsoplysning
Presley, B., Groot, W., & Pavlova, M. (2019). Pharmacy-led interventions to improve medication adherence among adults with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(9), 1057–1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.09.021
Qudah, B., Thakur, T., & Chewning, B. (2021). Factors influencing patient participation in medication counseling at the community pharmacy: A systematic review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, S155174112100111X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.03.005
Satran, C., Tsamri, R., Peled, O., Zuker, H., Massalha, L., & Ore, L. (2020). A unique program for nursing students to enhance their mentalization capabilities in relation to clinical thinking. Journal of Professional Nursing, 36(5), 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.03.010
Schwarzer, N.-H., Nolte, T., Fonagy, P., Griem, J., Kieschke, U., & Gingelmaier, S. (2021). The relationship between global distress, mentalizing and well-being in a German teacher sample. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01467-3
Steed, L., Sohanpal, R., Todd, A., Madurasinghe, V.W., Rivas, C., Edwards, E. A., Summerbell, C. D., Taylor, S. J., & Walton, R. (2019). Community pharmacy interventions for health promotion: Effects on professional practice and health outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011207.pub2
Steinberg, J.M., & Andresen, A.F. (1981). Aktivt verdivalg: Meninger og handlinger: En pedagogisk metodikk (Active choice of values. Opinions and Actions. A pedagolocial methodology)
Svensberg, K., Björnsdottir, I., & Kälvemark Sporrong, S. (2015). Legal cognitive requirements impact on pharmacy practice and patient outcomes. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 11(4), 590–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.01.003
Traynor, M., & Wade, B. (1993). The development of a measure of job satisfaction for use in monitoring the morale of community nurses in four trusts. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18010127.x
Valle, A., Massaro, D., Castelli, I., Sangiuliano Intra, F., Lombardi, E., Bracaglia, E., & Marchetti, A. (2016). Promoting Mentalizing in Pupils by Acting on Teachers: Preliminary Italian Evidence of the “Thought in Mind” Project. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01213
Wahlgren, B. (2009). Transfer mellem uddannelse og arbejde.
Welstead, H.J., Patrick, J., Russ, T.C., Cooney, G., Mulvenna, C.M., Maclean, C., & Polnay, A. (2018). Mentalising skills in generic mental healthcare settings: Can we make our day-to-day interactions more therapeutic? BJPsych Bulletin, 42(3), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2017.29
Wilson, K.L., Lizzio, A., & Ramsden, P. (1997). The development, validation and application of the Course Experience Questionnaire. Studies in Higher Education, 22(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079712331381121
Wolters, M., van Hulten, R., Blom, L., & Bouvy, M.L. (2017). Exploring the concept of patient centred communication for the pharmacy practice. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 39(6), 1145–1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-017-0508-5
Zoffmann, V., Harder, I., & Kirkevold, M. (2008). A Person-Centered Communication and Reflection Model: Sharing Decision-Making in Chronic Care. Qualitative Health Research, 18(5), 670–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307311008
Zoffmann, V., & Kirkevold, M. (2005). Life Versus Disease in Difficult Diabetes Care: Conflicting Perspectives Disempower Patients and Professionals in Problem Solving. Qualitative Health Research, 15(6), 750–765. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304273888