Perceptions of European students' representative associations about clinical pharmacy undergraduate education

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.221.944953

Keywords:

Clinical Pharmacy Service, Education, Pharmacy, Professional Practice Gap, Self-perception, Student

Abstract

Background: Clinical pharmacy education is an enabler of advanced pharmacy practice for the future workforce.  

Objective: To explore perceptions of students’ representative associations on the adequacy of undergraduate clinical pharmacy education and students’ preparedness to perform clinical activities.   

Methods: Cross-sectional study using an online survey disseminated through the European Pharmaceutical Students’ Association to affiliated national pharmacy students’ associations. The survey collected information about preparedness to perform clinical pharmacy activities, perceived fitness for practice, perceived adequacy of theoretical and practical education in clinical pharmacy, and learning methods used and desired.  

Results: Students’ representative associations from 16 European countries participated and unanimously stated that clinical pharmacy practical training was insufficient. Most respondents (n=12; 75.1%) reported being unfit or unsure about their fitness to perform clinical activities.  

Conclusion: Although clinical pharmacy is embedded in pharmaceutical sciences education, students felt unprepared to perform clinical activities and desired more practical training to increase job readiness.

Author Biographies

Laura Moura, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa)

Rúben Viegas, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa)

Stephane Steurbaut, Research group of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium & Department of Hospital Pharmacy, UZ Brussel, Jette, Belgium

Centre for Pharmaceutical Research

Filipa Alves da Costa, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa)

References

Almeman, A. A., & Alrebish, S. A. (2018). Chapter 10 – Teaching Strategies Used in Pharmacy. In Fathelrahman, A. I., Mohamed Ibrahim, M. I., Alrasheedy, A. A. & Wertheimer A. I. (Eds.), Pharmacy Education in the Twenty First Century and Beyond (pp. 125-145). Academic Press. ISBN: 9780128119099. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811909-9.00010-1

American College of Clinical Pharmacy. (2008). The definition of clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy, 28(6), 816-817. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.28.6.816

Arakawa, N., Bruno-Tomé, A., & Bates, I. (2020). A Global Comparison of Initial Pharmacy Education Curricula: An Exploratory Study. Innovations in pharmacy, 11(1), 10.24926/iip.v24911i24921.22093. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v11i1.2093

Banneheke, H., Nadarajah, V. D., Ramamurthy, S., Sumera, A., Ravindranath, S., Jeevaratnam, K., Efendie, B., Chellamuthu, L., Krishnappa, P., & Peterson, R. (2017). Student preparedness characteristics important for clinical learning: perspectives of supervisors from medicine, pharmacy and nursing. BMC medical education, 17(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0966-4

Bednall, R., White, S., Mills, E., & Thomson, S. (2021). Validation of a hospital clinical pharmacy workforce calculator: A methodology for pharmacy?. International journal of clinical practice, 75(5), e13932. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13932

Champion, H. M., Loosen, J. A., & Kennelty, K. A. (2019). Pharmacy Students and Pharmacy Technicians in Medication Reconciliation: A Review of the Current Literature. Journal of pharmacy practice, 32(2), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190017738916

Dreischulte, T., van den Bemt, B., Steurbaut, S., & European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (2022). European Society of Clinical Pharmacy definition of the term clinical pharmacy and its relationship to pharmaceutical care: a position paper. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 44(4), 837–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-022-01422-7

EAFP/EPSA. (2010). Preparing the Pharmacist for a Future in the delivery of Pharmaceutical Care. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_E9yOj4w7rrVTM1bm9YT1lSSVE/view?resourcekey=0-ulapuUcJ3lVSJIBkfgLW1Q

EPSA & ESN. (2020). Student Mobility barriers for regulated professions: Insight on pharmaceutical studies https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NauRTPg1u65qjKA4KIc2ATaMf1pmG9mQ/preview

European Comission. (2013). The European Commission Directive 2013/55/EU on Education and Training for Sectoral Practice such as that of pharmacy. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=celex:32013L0055

European Pharmaceutical Students’ Association. (2016). Inclusion of Soft Skills in the Pharmacy curricula https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B8MZ-y9cXM2HRklTNUs1RDE5ZGwtMnVFLXJUM1dpdTJEZktn/preview?resourcekey=0-6YhhfzbqSKzDigUzt32K7w

Forsyth, P., Warren, A., Thomson, C., Bateman, J., Greenwood, E., Williams, H., Khatib, R., Hadland, R., McGlynn, S., Khan, N., Duggan, C., Beezer, J., & United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacy Association Heart Failure Group and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society (2019). A competency framework for clinical pharmacists and heart failure. The International journal of pharmacy practice, 27(5), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12465

International Pharmaceutical Federation - FIP. (2013). FIPEd Global Education Report. https://www.fip.org/files/fip/FIPEd_Global_Education_Report_2013.pdf

International Pharmaceutical Federation - FIP. (2014). Quality Assurance of Pharmacy Education: the FIP Global Framework. https://www.fip.org/files/fip/PharmacyEducation/Quality_Assurance/QA_Framework_2nd_Edition_online_version.pdf

International Pharmaceutical Federation - FIP. (2017). Nanjing statements, Statements on Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Education. https://www.fip.org/file/195

International Pharmaceutical Federation - FIP. (2020). The FIP Development Goals, Transforming global pharmacy. https://www.fip.org/file/4793

Jacobi, J. (2016). Clinical pharmacists: practitioners who are essential members of your clinical team. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 27(5), 571-577. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2016.09.002

Mansur, J. M. (2016). Medication Safety Systems and the Important Role of Pharmacists. Drugs Aging, 33(3), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-016-0358-1

Margolis, A., Shah, S., Kraus, C., & Pigarelli, D. W. (2020). Longitudinal Assessment of Pharmacy Students’ Confidence and Skill in Providing Evidence-based Answers to Clinical Questions. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 84(10), ajpe7884. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7884

Meyer, V. M., Benjamens, S., Moumni, M. E., Lange, J., & Pol, R. A. (2022). Global Overview of Response Rates in Patient and Health Care Professional Surveys in Surgery: A Systematic Review. Annals of surgery, 275(1), e75–e81. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004078

Miller, G. E. (1990). The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Academic medicine, 65(9 Suppl), S63-67. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199009000-00045

Montepara, C. A., Woods, A. G., & Wolfgang, K. W. (2021). Problem-based learning case studies: Delivery of an educational method and perceptions at two schools of pharmacy in Italy. Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning, 13(6), 717–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2021.01.026

Moura, L., Steurbaut, S., Salvesen Blix, H., Addison, B., Rabus, S., Mota-Filipe, H., Alves da Costa, F., & ESCP Education Committee (2022). A cross-sectional survey to map Clinical Pharmacy Education and Practice in Europe. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 44(1), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-021-01321-3

Nunes-da-Cunha, I., Arguello, B., Martinez, F. M., & Fernandez-Llimos, F. (2016). A Comparison of Patient-Centered Care in Pharmacy Curricula in the United States and Europe. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 80(5), 83. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe80583

Nunes-da-Cunha, I., Fernandez-Llimos, F. (2019). Chapter 39 - Teaching Pharmaceutical Care at university level. In Alves da Costa, F., van Mil F., Alvarez-Risco, A. (Eds.), The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care (pp. 473-490). Springer International Publishing. ISBN: 978-3-319-92575-2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92576-9

Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation. (2010). Classification for Drug related problems: The PCNE Classification. https://www.pcne.org/upload/files/11_PCNE_classification_V6-2.pdf

Richard, C. A., Hastings, J. F., & Bryant, J. E. (2015). Pharmacy students' preference for using mobile devices in a clinical setting for practice-related tasks. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 79(2), 22. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe79222

Rushworth, G. F., Innes, C., Macdonald, A., MacDonald, C., McAuley, L., McDavitt, A., Stewart, F., & Bruce, R. (2021). Development of innovative simulation teaching for advanced general practice clinical pharmacists. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 43(4), 817–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-021-01305-3

Saseen, J. J., Ripley, T. L., Bondi, D., Burke, J. M., Cohen, L. J., McBane, S., McConnell, K. J., Sackey, B., Sanoski, C., Simonyan, A., Taylor, J., & Vande Griend, J. P. (2017). ACCP Clinical Pharmacist Competencies. Pharmacotherapy, 37(5), 630-636. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1923

Sin, C. M., Huynh, C., Dahmash, D., & Maidment, I. D. (2022). Factors influencing the implementation of clinical pharmacy services on paediatric patient care in hospital settings. European journal of hospital pharmacy, 29(4), 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002520

World Health Organization. (1994). The role of pharmacist in the health care system. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/59169/WHO_PHARM_94.569.pdf;jsessionid=0A93ED5D8E3E1EA78B15A75A63524D2E?sequence=1

Downloads

Published

17-12-2022

How to Cite

Moura, L., Viegas, R., Steurbaut, S., & Alves da Costa, F. (2022). Perceptions of European students’ representative associations about clinical pharmacy undergraduate education. Pharmacy Education, 22(1), p. 944–953. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.221.944953

Issue

Section

Research Article