Activities of ethanol-extract of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) on Completed Freund's Adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.234.242246Keywords:
Arthritis, Hyperalgesia, Leukocyte, Oedema, Spinal cordAbstract
Background: Red ginger has been known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency.
Objective: This study aimed to analyse the ethanolic extract of red ginger (EERG) in mice's arthritis model induced by Completed Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA).
Method: Red ginger was extracted using ethanol 96%. Arthritis mice (n = 25) were injected with CFA i.p., and sham mice (n = 5) were injected with normal saline. On day seven, mice were divided into six groups: sham, CFA, gabapentin 100 mg/kg BW, and EERG (dose 200; 400; 600 mg/kg BW). Treatments were administered orally once a day for seven days. Latency time and plantar thickness were measured on days zero, one, three, five, seven, eight, ten, twelve, and fourteen. On day 15, the mice were sacrificed, and the blood and spinal cords were collected. The haematology profiles were determined.
Result: The EERG significantly prolonged the latency time towards thermal stimulus and decreased plantar thickness in arthritis mice, the same as gabapentin which served as the control. The EERG also reduced the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, and improved the morphology of the spinal cord's dorsal horn of arthritis mice.
Conclusion: The EERG of 400 mg/kg BW significantly affects arthritis-induced hyperalgesia.
References
Abdulkhaleq, L.A., Assi, M.A., Abdullah, R., Zamri-Saad, M., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., & Hezmee, M. (2018). The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review. Veterinary World, 11(5), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.627-635
Carter, G.T., Duong, V., Ho, S., Ngo, K.C., Greer, C.R., & Weeks, D.L. (2014). Side effects of commonly prescribed analgesic medications. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 25(2), 457-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2014.01.007
Dueñas, M., Ojeda, B., Salazar, A., Mico, J.A., & Failde, I. (2016). A review of chronic pain impact on patients, their social environment and the health care system. Journal of Pain Research, (9), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S105892
Jang, Y., Kim, M., & Hwang, S.W. (2020). Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception. Journal Neuro inflammation, 17(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-1703-1
Kong, H., Wang, X.Q., & Zhang, X.A. (2022). Exercise for osteoarthritis: A literature review of pathology and mechanism. Front. Aging Neurosci, 14, 854026. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.854026
Maheshwari, S., Kumar, V., Bhadauria, G., & Mishra, A. (2022). Immunomodulatory potential of phytochemicals and other bioactive compounds of fruits: A review. Food Frontiers, 3, 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.129
Mao, Q.Q., Xu, X.Y., Cao, S.Y., Gan, R.Y., Corke, H., Beta, T., & Li, H.B. (2019). Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods, 8(6), 185. https://doi.org.10.3390/foods8060185
Mehrani, Y., Rahimi Junqani, R., Morovati, S., Mehrani, H., Karimi, N., & Ghasemi, S. (2023). The importance of neutrophils in osteoarthritis: Current concepts and therapeutic perspectives. Immuno, 3(3), 250-272. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno3030017
Navarro-Alvarez, N., Gonçalves, B., Andrews, A.R., Sachs, D. H., & Huang, C.A. (2018). A CFA-induced model of inflammatory skin disease in miniature swine. International Journal of Inflammation, 2018, 6916920. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6916920
Patil, K.R., Mahajan, U.B., Unger, B.S., Goyal, S.N., Belemkar, S., Surana, S.J., Ojha, S., & Patil, C.R. (2019). Animal models of inflammation for screening of anti-inflammatory drugs: Implications for the discovery and development of phytopharmaceuticals. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(18), 4367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184367
Raja, S.N., Carr, D.B., Cohen, M., Finnerup, N.B., Flor, H., Gibsong, S., Keefe, F.J., Mogil, J.S., Ringkamp, M., Sluka, K.A., Song, X.J., Stevens, B., Sullivan, M.D., Tutelman, P.R., Ushida, T., & Vader, K. (2020). The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
Sugimoto, M.A., Sousa, L.P., Pinho, V., Perretti, M., & Teixeira, M.M. (2016). Resolution of inflammation: What controls its onset? Front Immunol, 7, 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00160
Tong, L., Yu, H., Huang, X., Shen, J., Xiao, G., Chen, L., Wang, H., Xing, L., & Chen, D. (2022). Current understanding of osteoarthritis pathogenesis and relevant new approaches. Bone Res, 10, 60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41413-022-00226-9
Vijayalaxmi, A., Vasudha, B., Nazia, B., Kowmudi, V., Naveen, K.Y., & Yogesh, R. (2015). Anti-arthritic and anti inflammatory activity of beta-caryophyllene against Freund’s Complete Adjuvant Induced arthritis in wistar rats. Journal of Bone Reports & Recommendations, 1(2), 9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-6684.10009
Wiffen, P.J., McQuay, H.J., Edwards, J., & Moore, R.A. (2011). Withdrawn: Gabapentin for acute and chronic pain. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011(3), CD005452. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005452.pub2
Zhang, R.X. & Ren, K. (2011) Animal models of inflammatory pain. In C. Ma, & J.M. Zhang (eds), Animal models of pain. vol 49. Neuromethods. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-880-5_2
Zhang, S., Kou, X., Zhao, H., Mak, K.K., Balijepalli, M.K., & Pichika, M.R. (2022). Zingiber officinale var. rubrum: Red ginger's medicinal uses. Molecules, 27(3), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030775
Zhang, W., Lyu, J., Xu, J., Zhang, P., Zhang, S., Chen, Y., Wang, Y. & Chen, G. (2021). The related mechanism of complete Freund's adjuvant-induced chronic inflammation pain based on metabolomics analysis. Biomedical chromatography: BMC, 35(4), e5020. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.5020
