The effect of additional bitter gourd seed oil on the effectiveness of zinc oxide sunscreen cream
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.249.7782Keywords:
Bitter gourd seed oil, Cream, sunscreen, Zinc oxideAbstract
Background: Sunscreen can protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) exposure. This study formulated sunscreen cream using a combination of zinc oxide (ZnO) and bitter gourd seed oil.
Objective: This study was to determine the effect of adding bitter gourd seed oil in various concentrations on the characteristics of the cream, the effect of irritation on the skin, and the effectiveness of sunscreen in vitro.
Method: The ZnO cream combined with bitter gourd seed oil was prepared in various concentrations of F0 (0%), F1 (6%), F2 (9%), and F3 (12%). After that, the physical characteristics and in vitro sunscreen activity were evaluated.
Result: The results showed that all formulations met the requirements of organoleptic and homogeneity tests. Cream indicates the type of oil in water (O/W) with a pH of 4.5-8. Spreadability tests are in the range of 5-8 cm, while the irritation test on the skin of the rat's back showed no signs of erythema or oedema. The SPF (Sun protection factors) were 5.64, 10.3, 16.1, and 22.8, with %TE (Erythema transmission) values of 0.983, 0.764, 0.182, and 0.006, while the %TP (Pigmentation Transmission) were 0.981, 0.885, 0.211, and 0.006. LSD results in each test showed that the four formulations had significant differences (p <0.05).
Conclusion: The analysis concluded that adding bitter gourd seed oil could increase the in vitro effectiveness of ZnO sunscreen cream preparations and did not cause irritation to the skin.
References
Abdassah, M., Aryani, R., Surachman, E., & Muchtaridi, M. (2015). In-vitro assessment of effectiveness and photostability of avobenzone in cream formulations by combination ethyl ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol acetate. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(6), 70–74.
Arifin, B., Nasution, R., Savila, S., Ramadani, R., Helwati, H., Marianne, M., Amna, U., & Saidi, N. (2020). Sunscreen Activities of bark Artocarpus heterophyllus against ultraviolet ray (Sun Protection Factor) in lotion formula. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(A), 461‒467. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4665
Chandra, R. (2015). The effect of adding grape seed oil on the effectiveness of a sunscreen combination of oxybenzone and octylmethoxynamate in a vanishing cream base. [Thesis, University of North Sumatra].
Cumpelik, B. M. (1972). Analytical procedures and evaluation of sunscreens. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 23(6), 333.
Draize, J. H. (1944). Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. Journal of Pharmacological. Exc. Ther., 82, 377–390.
Ermawati, D. E., Yugatama, A., & Wulandari, W. (2020). Test of physical properties, sun protecting factor, and in vivo ZnO dispersed in nanoemulgel preparations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1, 50.
Gadri, A., Darijono, S. T., Mauludin, R., & Iwo, M. I. (2012). Formulasi sediaan tabir surya dengan bahan aktif nanopartikel cangkang telur ayam broiler. Jurnal Matematika & Sains, 17(3), 89–97.
Giacomoni, P. U., Teta, L., & Najdek L. (2010). Sunscreens: the impervious path from theory to practice. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 9, 524‒529. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9pp00150f
Jumaa, M., Furkert, F. H., & Muller, B. W. (2002). A new lipid emulsion formulation with high antimicrobial efficacy using chitosan. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 53(1), 115‒123. https://doi.10.1016/s0939-6411(01)00191-6
Juwita, A. P., Yamlean, P. V. Y., & Edy, H. J. (2013). Cream formulation of ethanol extract of seagrass leaves (Syringodium isoetifolium). Pharmacon, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.2.2013.1414
Medeiros, V. L., & Lim, H. W. (2010). Sunscreens in the management of photodermatoses. Skin Therapy Letter, 15, 1–3. https://www.skintherapyletter.com/sunscreen/photodermatoses/
Meliala, D. I. P., Wahyudi, W., & Nelva, N. (2020). Formulation and activity test of cocoa bean extract (Theobroma cacao L.) sunscreen cream with a combination of avobenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. Journal of Pharmaceutical & Herbal Research, 2(2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.36656/jpfh.v2i2.278
Montenegro, L., & Santagati, L. M. (2019). Use of vegetable oils to improve the sun protection factor of sunscreen formulations. Cosmetics, 6(2), 25.
Petro, A. J. (1981). Correlation of spectrophotometric data with sunscreen protection factors. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 3(4), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467
Putri, Y. D., Kartamihardja, H., & Lisna, I. (2019). Formulation and evaluation of sunscreen lotion with stevia leaf extract (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni M). Journal of Pharmaceutical & Clinical Sciences, 6(1), 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1063/1/012008
Ranjithkumar, J., Sameesh, A., & Ramakrishnan, H. (2016). Sun screen efficacy of Punica granatum (Pomegranate) and Citrullus colocynthis (Indrayani) seed oils. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci, 3, 198–206.
Savitri, A. K., Fitriyati, N., & Mustika, A. A. (2019). Formulation of the body scrub cream containing moringa seed powder (Moringa oleifera) and its examination dermal acute irritation. GEOMATE Journal, 17(62), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S326492
