Detection of adulterants in white pepper powder (Piper nigrum L.) using thin layer chromatography fingerprint analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.232.248252Keywords:
Adulterant detection, Corn, Pepper, Principal Component Analysis, Thin Layer ChromatographyAbstract
Background: In the production of instant pepper powder, some manufacturers add adulterants to the pepper powder.
Objective: This study aimed to detect the presence of corn added in instant white pepper products in the market.
Method: The TLC Fingerprint analysis was used. Fingerprints were made using white pepper from three regions in Indonesia: Tasikmalaya, Kalimantan, and Bangka. The corn used as the adulterant came from three regions in Indonesia: West Java, Central Java, and Kalimantan. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method, where 96% ethanol was used as the solvent. TLC patterns were made and visualised under UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Chromatogram analysis was performed.
Result: Loading PC-2 against PC-1 in PCA with an eigen value of 931.54 indicated the loading score of white pepper was clustered in quadrants 2 and 3, while that of the corn adulterant in quadrants 1 and 4.
Discussion:The sample projection on the PCA system used showed that samples A and C are distributed between quadrants 1-2 and 3-4, while sample B is distributed in quadrant 2.
Conclusion: Based on the loading results of PC-2 against PC-1, samples A and C contained corn adulterants, while sample B contained other adulterants.
References
Abdi, H. & Williams, L.J. (2010). Principal component analysis. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 2(4):433–459 https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.101
Hammouti, B., Dahmani, M., Yahyi, A., Ettouhami, A., Messali, M., Asehraou, A., Bouyanzer, A., Warad, I. & Touzani, R. (2019). Black Pepper, the “King of Spices”: Chemical composition to applications. Arabian Journal of Chemical and Environmental Research, 6(1): 12–56
Huan, O. & Long, Y. (2007). Feasibility Study for Construction of National Germplasm Resources Garden of Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 6: 770–772
Kunle. (2012). Standardization of herbal medicines - A review. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 4(3) https://doi.org/10.5897/ijbc11.163
Li, Y. xin, Zhang, C., Pan, S., Chen, L., Liu, M., Yang, K., Zeng, X. & Tian, J. (2020). Analysis of chemical components and biological activities of essential oils from black and white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in five provinces of southern China. LWT, 117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108644
Liang, Y. Z., Xie, P., & Chan, K. (2004). Quality control of herbal medicines. In Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 812(1-2):53-70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.08.041
Madhavi, B.B., Nath, A.R., Banji, D., Naga Madhu, M., Ramalingam, R. & Swetha, D. (2009). Extraction, Identification, Formulation, and Evaluation of Piperine In Alginate Beads, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(2):156-161
Moreno, N. (2017). Appendix 4 Image Processing with ImageJ. In Optical Imaging Techniques in Cell Biology, CRC Press, 250-258
Pei, Y.Q. (1983). A Review of Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Piperine and Its Derivatives, Epilepsia, 24(2):177-82 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1983.tb04877.x
Rai, N., Yadav, S., Verma, A. K., Tiwari, L., & Sharma, R. Kr. (2012). Quality specifications on Piper nigrum L. -A Spice and Herbal Drug of Indian Commerce. International Journal of Advanced Food Science and Technology, 1: 7
Rasband, W. S. (1997). ImageJ. U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/
Schneider, C.A., Rasband, W.S., & Eliceiri, K.W. (2012). NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. In Nature Methods, 9(7): 671–675 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089
