Burnout in academia: Pharmacy students’ burnout level during the resumption of in-person classes post-pandemic lockdowns
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.231.521532Keywords:
Academic burnout, Mental health, Pharmacy education, Pharmacy student, Post-pandemicAbstract
Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic gradually recedes, Philippine universities have begun to reopen their campuses to students, marking a return to normalcy. Thus, academic burnout began to manifest among many students, resulting in multiple academic breaks across the country.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the level of academic burnout among pharmacy students from a private university during the reopening of university campuses for in-person classes after pandemic lockdowns.
Methods: The study had a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional design, and the survey questionnaire included the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory Student version (CBI-S). Descriptive statistics, t-test, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), were used to analyse the data.
Results: Of the 318 respondents, 63% (n=202) exhibited moderate academic burnout. In contrast, 11% (n= 34) had low burnout levels, and 26% (n=82) had high burnout levels. Students had a high level of Personal Burnout (M=3.80, SD=0.92) and Studies-Related Burnout (M=3.88, SD=1.00). They also exhibited a moderate level of Classmate-Related Burnout (M=2.69, SD=1.10) and Instructor-Related Burnout (M= 2.87, SD=1.10). Academic burnout levels among the respondents did not show any significant differences based on their living situation.
Conclusion: The impact of shifting academic demands on pharmacy students caused moderate to high levels of academic burnout.
References
Al-Ghamdi, M., Nahar, S., Siddiqui, A., & Al-Saleem, S. (2021). Burnout and its correlates in Saudi family medicine residents: An observational study from ASEER, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(5), 1904 –1911. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2146_20
Almalki, S. A., Almojali, A. I., Alothman, A. S., Masuadi, E. M., & Alaqeel, M. K. (2017). Burnout and its association with extracurricular activities among medical students in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Medical Education, 8, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.58e3.ca8a
Andrade, D., Ribeiro, I. J., Prémusz, V., & Maté, O. (2023). Academic burnout, family functionality, perceived social support and coping among graduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(6), 4832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064832
Aranas, K. R., Buenconsejo, J. U., & Zalameda, C. J. (2020). Dimensions of school burnout as predictors of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation among college students—Letran Research Center. Brillar, 1(1), 33–42. https://research-manila.letran.edu.ph/read/173
Borritz, M., Rugulies, R., Christensen, K. B., Villadsen, E., & Kristensen, T. S. (2006). Burnout as a predictor of self-reported sickness absence among human service workers: Prospective findings from three year follow up of the Puma Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(2), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.019364
Cabanach, R. G., Souto-Gestal, A., & Franco, V. (2016). Escala de estresores Académicos para la evaluación de los estresores académicos en estudiantes universitarios. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud, 7(2), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rips.2016.05.001
Campos, J. A., Carlotto, M. S., & Marôco, J. (2013). Copenhagen burnout inventory‒Student version: Adaptation and transcultural validation for Portugal and Brazil. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 26(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-79722013000100010
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Cho, E., & Jeon, S. (2019). The role of empathy and psychological need satisfaction in pharmacy students’ burnout and well-being. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1477-2
Codina, N., Castillo, I., Pestana, J. V., & Balaguer, I. (2020). Preventing procrastination behaviours: Teaching styles and competence in university students. Sustainability, 12(6), 2448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062448
Dash, N. R., Guraya, S. Y., Al Bataineh, M. T., Abdalla, M. E., Yusoff, M. S., Al-Qahtani, M. F., van Mook, W. N., Shafi, M. S., Almaramhy, H. H., & Mukhtar, W. N. (2020). Preferred teaching styles of Medical Faculty: An international multi-center study. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 480. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02358-0
Deshmukh, J. S., & Vithalani, N. J. (2022). Burnout syndrome among resident doctors in a tertiary medical college in Central India-a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine And Public Health, 9(6), 2545. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20221532
Drăghici, G. L., & Cazan, A. M. (2022). Burnout and maladjustment among employed students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 825588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.825588
Dyrbye, L. N., Massie, F. S., Eacker, A., Harper, W., Power, D., Durning, S. J., Thomas, M. R., Moutier, C., Satele, D., Sloan, J., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2010). Relationship between burnout and professional conduct and attitudes among US medical students. JAMA, 304(11), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1318
Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students’ social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PloS one, 15(7), e0236337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236337
Fadel, S., Fahda, S., Akel, M., Rahal, M., Bou Malhab, S., Haddad, C., & Dimassi, A. (2023). Mental health assessment of Lebanese pharmacy students after returning to school post-covid-19: A cross-sectional study. Pharmacy Education, 23(1), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.231.180192
Fiorilli, C., Barni, D., Russo, C., Marchetti, V., Angelini, G., & Romano, L. (2022). Students’ burnout at university: The role of gender and worker status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811341
Gonzálvez, C., Kearney, C. A., Jiménez-Ayala, C. E., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Inglés, C. J., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2018). Functional profiles of school refusal behavior and their relationship with depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychiatry Research, 269, 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.069
Gradiski, I. P., Borovecki, A., Ćurković, M., San-Martín, M., Delgado Bolton, R. C., & Vivanco, L. (2022). Burnout in international medical students: Characterization of professionalism and loneliness as predictive factors of burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031385
Jiang, S., Ren, Q., Jiang, C., & Wang, L. (2021). Academic stress and depression of Chinese adolescents in junior high schools: Moderated mediation model of school burnout and self-esteem. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.085
Kaur, M., Long, J. W., Luk, F. S., Mar, J., Nguyen, D. L., Ouabo, T., Singh, J., Wu, B., Rajagopalan, V., Schulte, M., & Doroudgar, S. (2020). Relationship of burnout and engagement to pharmacy students’ perception of their academic ability. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(2), 7571. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7571
Kötter, T., Wagner, J., Brüheim, L., & Voltmer, E. (2017). Perceived medical school stress of undergraduate medical students predicts academic performance: An observational study. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), 256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-1091-0
Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen burnout inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500297720
Labrague, L. J., & Ballad, C. A. (2021). Lockdown fatigue among college students during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Predictive role of personal resilience, coping behaviors, and health. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(4), 1905–1912. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12765
Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2015). Burnout. Oxford Bibliographies webpage Datasets. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0166
Levecque, K., Anseel, F., De Beuckelaer, A., Van der Heyden, J., & Gisle, L. (2017). Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students. Research Policy, 46(4), 868–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.008
Liu, Z., Xie, Y., Sun, Z., Liu, D., Yin, H., & Shi, L. (2023). Factors associated with academic burnout and its prevalence among university students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 317. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04316-y
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Ambler, A., Kelly, M., Diver, A., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2015). Social isolation and mental health at primary and secondary school entry: A longitudinal cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(3), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.12.008
Melaku, L., Mossie, A., & Negash, A. (2015). Stress among medical students and its association with substance use and academic performance. Journal of Biomedical Education, 2015, e149509. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/149509
Moè, A., & Katz, I. (2020). Self-compassionate teachers are more autonomy supportive and structuring whereas self-derogating teachers are more controlling and chaotic: The mediating role of need satisfaction and burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 96, 103173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103173
Pekrun, R., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2009). Achievement goals and achievement emotions: Testing a model of their joint relations with academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013383
Rahmatpour, P., Chehrzad, M., Ghanbari, A., & Sadat-Ebrahimi, S. R. (2019). Academic burnout as an educational complication and promotion barrier among undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of education and health promotion, 8, 201. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_165_19
Ramos, B., Baptista, G., Fulong, L., & Sabaulan, J. (2021). Burnout risks of Filipino College students during the COVID- 19 pandemic: A basis for Institutional Mental Health Program. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 26(1), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v26i1.5245
Salmela-Aro, K., Savolainen, H., & Holopainen, L. (2008). Depressive symptoms and school burnout during adolescence: Evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal studies. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(10), 1316–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9334-3
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015630930326
Shin, H., Lee, J., Kim, B., & Lee, S. M. (2012). Students’ perceptions of parental bonding styles and their academic burnout. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(3), 509–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-012-9218-9
Shrestha, D. B., Katuwal, N., Tamang, A., Paudel, A., Gautam, A., Sharma, M., Bhusal, U., & Budhathoki, P. (2021). Burnout among medical students of a medical college in Kathmandu: A cross-sectional study. PloS one, 16(6), e0253808. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253808
Son, C., Hegde, S., Smith, A., Wang, X., & Sasangohar, F. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(9), e21279. https://doi.org/10.2196/21279
Stallman, H. M. (2010). Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050067.2010.482109
Tajeri Moghadam, M., Abbasi, E., & Khoshnodifar, Z. (2020). Students’ academic burnout in Iranian Agricultural Higher Education System: The mediating role of achievement motivation. Heliyon, 6(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04960
The Well-Being Index. (n.d.). Medical student burnout. The Well-Being Index. https://www.mywellbeingindex.org/medical-student-burnout
United Nations. 2020. Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and Beyond. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/08/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf
Wang, Q., Sun, W., & Wu, H. (2022). Associations between academic burnout, resilience and life satisfaction among medical students: A three-wave longitudinal study. BMC medical education, 22(1), 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03326-6
World Health Organisation. (2019). Burnout an "occupational phenomenon": International classification of diseases. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases
Yahya, M. S., Abutiheen, A. A., & Al-Haidary, A. F. (2021). Burnout among medical students of the University of Kerbala and its correlates. Middle East Current Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, 28(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00152-2
Ye, Y., Huang, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). Social Support and academic burnout among university students: A moderated mediation model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 335–344. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s300797
Yusoff, M. S., Hadie, S. N., & Yasin, M. A. (2021). The roles of emotional intelligence, neuroticism, and academic stress on the relationship between psychological distress and burnout in medical students. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 293. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02733-5
Zhang, J. Y., Shu, T., Xiang, M., & Feng, Z. C. (2021). Learning burnout: Evaluating the role of social support in medical students. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 625506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625506
Zhang, Y., Gan, Y., & Cham, H. (2007). Perfectionism, academic burnout and engagement among Chinese college students: A structural equation modeling analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1529–1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.010
