Pharmacy student confidence, knowledge and teaching experience in diabetes related pharmacology and therapeutics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.241.734744Keywords:
Confidence, Diabetes, Knowledge, Pharmacy, TeachingAbstract
Background: Pharmacists are crucial in managing diabetes, requiring appropriate confidence levels and knowledge for effective clinical decision-making. Therefore, the current study assesses correlations between student pharmacist confidence and knowledge in diabetes pharmacology and therapeutics within a UK institution. It also examines the influence of their teaching experience on these factors.
Methods: An online questionnaire was disseminated to final-year pharmacy students (n = 47) at Ulster University. A 5-point Likert scale determined student confidence on diabetes pharmacology and therapeutics topics, with related multiple-choice questions assessing corresponding knowledge. Associations between confidence and knowledge were then determined.
Results: Most students felt confident understanding diabetes pharmacology and therapeutics, except for treatment algorithms. They answered six out of ten knowledge domains correctly, though gaps were noted in treatment algorithms, drug options, and side effects. No overall correlation between confidence and knowledge was found, but a significant positive correlation existed regarding insulin action and recognising hypoglycemia signs. Generally, students were satisfied with their diabetes-specific teaching experience, as shown by excellent attendance, but they would welcome additional innovative teaching methods.
Conclusion: The current study presents no overall correlation between confidence and knowledge of final-year Ulster University pharmacy students about diabetes pharmacology and therapeutics content. Whilst teaching methods were well received, more engaging tools may help address areas where knowledge gaps were identified.
References
Abeyaratne, C., Nhu, T., & Malone, D. (2022). Self-assessment of therapeutic decision-making skills in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 86, 8696. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8696
Anakin, M. G., Duffull, S. B., & Wright, D. F. B. (2021). Therapeutic decision-making in primary care pharmacy practice. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17, 326‒331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.005
Atallah, S., Mansour, H., Dimassi, H., & Kabbara, W. K. (2023). Impact of social media education on antimicrobial stewardship awareness among pharmacy, medical and nursing students and residents. BMC Medical Education, 23, 446. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04423-w
Axon, D. R., Alamer, A., Almatruk, Z., & Fazel, M. T. (2022). Assessing student pharmacists' confidence and knowledge of basic diabetes self-management skills. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 14, 982‒989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2022.07.017
Beck, D. E. (2000). Outcomes and experiential education. Pharmacotherapy, 20, 297S‒306S. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.16.297s.35020
Beggs, R. (2022). An institutional approach to active learning: lessons learned. In: T. Betts & P. Oprandi (Eds) 100 ideas for active learning. (1st Ed., pp. 48‒59). Sussex Open Press. https://doi.org/10.20919/OPXR1032/3
Beverly, E. A., Ritholz, M. D., Rennie, R. G., & Mort, S. C. (2019). A brief interactive training with medical students improves their diabetes knowledge about hypoglycemia. BMC Medical Education, 19, 171. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1615-x
Borracci, R. A., & Arribalzaga, E. B. (2018). The incidence of overconfidence and under confidence effects in medical student examinations. Journal of Surgical Education, 75, 1223‒1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.01.015
Brewster, S., Holt, R., Portlock, J., & Price, H. (2020). The role of community pharmacists and their position in the delivery of diabetes care: An update for medical professionals. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 96, 473‒479. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137511
Chobot, A., Gosławska, Z., Giani, E., Boddu, S. K., Mysliwiec, M., Odeh, R., Piona, C., Polanska, J., Tsai, M.C., de Beaufort, C., & Dovc, K. (2021). ISPAD JENIOUS. Are we confident that final-year medical students know at least basics about diabetes? A preliminary report from the multicenter, survey-based Diabetes Know-Me study. Pediatric Diabetes, 22, 850‒853. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13240
Colby, J. (2004). Attendance and attainment. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference of the Network (ICS-LTSN). University of Ulster.
Colthorpe, K., Ogiji, J., Ainscough, L., Zimbardi, K., & Anderson, S. (2019). Effect of metacognitive prompts on undergraduate pharmacy students' self-regulated learning behavior. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83, 6646. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6646
Cope, L. C., Tully, M. P., & Hall, J. (2020). An exploration of the perceptions of non-medical prescribers, regarding their self-efficacy when prescribing, and their willingness to take responsibility for prescribing decisions. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 16, 249‒256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.05.013
Darbishire, P. L., Plake, K. S., Nash, C. L., & Shepler, B. M. (2009). Active-learning laboratory session to teach the four M's of diabetes care. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73, 22. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj730222
Davies, M. J., Aroda, V. R., Collins, B. S., Gabbay, R. A., Green, J., Maruthur, N. M., Rosas, S. E., Del Prato, S., Mathieu, C., Mingrone, G., Rossing, P., Tankova, T., Tsapas, A., & Buse, J. B. (2022). Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia, 65, 1925‒1966. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci22-0034
Fajriansyah, F., Iskandarsyah, A., Puspitasari, I. M., & Lestari, K. (2020). Impact of pharmacist counseling on health-related quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cluster randomized controlled study. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 19, 675‒682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00528-x
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methodsi, 41, 1149‒1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Field, S. (2012). Understanding attendance and non-attendance motivation amongst first year undergraduate students. In: Proceedings of the SOLSTICE & CLTR Conference. Edge Hill University.
Frankel, G. E., & Austin, Z. (2013). Responsibility and confidence: Identifying barriers to advanced pharmacy practice. Canadian Pharmacists Journal, 146, 155‒161. https://doi.org/10.1177/17151635134873
Gabbard, T., & Romanelli, F. (2021). The accuracy of health professions students' self-assessments compared to objective measures of competence. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 85, 8405. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8405
GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 402, 203‒234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6
General Pharmaceutical Council (2020). GPhC guidance on experiential learning May 2020. General Pharmaceutical Council. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/content/gphc-guidance-experiential-learning-may-2020 f (Accessed on: 22/04/2024)
Ginzburg, R., & Chim, C. (2022). Enhancing student confidence in diabetes management skills through pharmacist-run group classes in a community library. Innovations in Pharmacy, 13, 11. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v13i1.4332
Girvin, B., Sims, L., & Haughey, S. (2023). Empowering future pharmacists - Embedding prescribing in the United Kingdom pharmacy undergraduate degree. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 15, 334‒339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2023.04.010
Irwin, N., Burnett, K. M., & McCarron, P. A. (2018). Association between attendance and overall academic performance on a module within a professional pharmacy degree. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10, 396‒401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2017.11.008
Keijsers, C. J., Leendertse, A. J., Faber, A., Brouwers, J. R., de Wildt, D. J., & Jansen, P. A. (2015). Pharmacists' and general practitioners' pharmacology knowledge and pharmacotherapy skills. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 55, 936‒943. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.500
Kiles, T. M., Hall, E. A., Scott, D., & Cernasev, A. (2021). Enhancing student knowledge of diabetes through virtual choose your own adventure patient case format. Pharmacy (Basel), 9, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020087.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall.
Laird-Fick, H. S., Solomon, D. J., Parker, C. J., & Wang, L. (2018). Attendance, engagement and performance in a medical school curriculum: Early findings from competency-based progress testing in a new medical school curriculum. PeerJ, 6, e5283. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5283
Lautsch, D., Boggs, R., Wang, T., Gonzalez, C., Milligan, G., Rajpathak, S., Malkani, S., McLeod, E., Carroll, J., & Higgins, V. (2022). Individualized HbA1c goals, and patient awareness and attainment of goals in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A real-world multinational survey. Advances in Therapy, 39, 1016‒1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01985-3
Litten, K. P., McQuade, B. M., Wettergreen, S. A., Nardolillo, J.A., & Stewart, M.P. (2023). Failure to fail - Perspective from junior faculty preceptors on the challenges of evaluating underperforming students in the experiential learning environment. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 15, 238‒241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2023.03.002
Manigault, K. R., Augustine, J. M., & Thurston, M. M. (2020). Impact of student pharmacists teaching a diabetes self-management education and support class. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84, 7621. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7621
Maxwell, W. D., Mohorn, P. L., Haney, J. S., Phillips, C. M., Lu, Z. K., Clark, K., Corboy, A., & Ragucci, K. R. (2016). Impact of an advanced cardiac life support simulation laboratory experience on pharmacy student confidence and knowledge. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 80, 140. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe808140
Mertens, J. F., Kempen, T. G. H., Koster, E. S., Deneer, V. H. M., Bouvy, M. L., & van Gelder, T. (2024). Cognitive processes in pharmacists' clinical decision-making. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 20, 105‒114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.10.007
Mittal, S., Okada, H., Bermingham, M., Onda, M., Farrelly, S., Zaki, M., & Nakayama, T. (2023). Community pharmacists' attitude, practice and confidence in supporting people with diabetes in Japan and Ireland: A cross-sectional survey. Yakugaku Zasshi, 143, 871‒879. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.23-00064
Moores, E., Birdi, G. K., & Higson, H. (2019). Determinants of university students’ attendance. Educational Research, 61, 1‒17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2019.1660587.
Morello, C. M., Neighbors, M., Luu, L., Kobayashi, S., Mutrux, B., & Best, B. M. (2013). Impact of a first-year student pharmacist diabetes self-care education program. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77, 215. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7710215
Nisly, S. A., Nifong, E., Coble, E. B., & Mihm, A. E. (2021). Longitudinal pharmacy student presentations mentored by pharmacy residents: A pilot study. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 13, 63‒66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2020.07.019
Rosenthal, M., Austin, Z., & Tsuyuki, R. T. (2010) Are pharmacists the ultimate barrier to pharmacy practice change? Canadian Pharmacists Journal, 143, 37‒42. https://doi.org/10.3821/1913-701X-143.1.37.
Serdar, C. C., Cihan, M., Yücel, D., & Serdar, M. A. (2021). Sample size, power and effect size revisited: Simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies. Biochemia Medica (Zagreb), 31, 010502. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2021.010502
Shrader, S., Kavanagh, K., & Thompson, A. (2012). A diabetes self-management education class taught by pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76, 13. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe76113
Sterrett, J., Croom, M., Phillips, C. M., & Shrader, S. (2012). Incorporating a diabetes certificate program in a pharmacy curriculum. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76, 89. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe76589
Steuber, T. D., Janzen, K. M., Walton, A. M., & Nisly, S. A. (2017). Assessment of learner metacognition in a professional pharmacy elective course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 81, 6034. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6034
Stewart, D., van Dongen, A., Watson, M., Mandefield, L., Atkin, K., Dhital, R., Foster, B., Gough, B., Hewitt, C., Madden, M., Morris, S., O'Carroll, R., Ogden, M., Parrott, S., Watson, J., White, S., Whittlesea, C., & McCambridge, J. (2020). A pilot cluster randomised trial of the medicines and alcohol consultation (MAC): An intervention to discuss alcohol use in community pharmacy medicine review services. BMC Health Services Research, 20, 943. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05797-z
Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., Stein, C., Basit, A., Chan, J. C. N., Mbanya, J. C., Pavkov, M. E., Ramachandaran, A., Wild, S. H., James, S., Herman, W. H., Zhang, P., Bommer, C., Kuo, S., Boyko, E. J., & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF diabetes atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 183, 109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119
Suprapti, B., Izzah, Z., Anjani, A. G., Andarsari, M. R., Nilamsari, W. P., & Nugroho, C. W. (2023). Prevalence of medication adherence and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes and influencing factors: A cross-sectional study. Global Epidemiology, 5, 100113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloepi.2023.100113
Teoh, K. W., Ng, C. M., Chong, C. W., Bell, J. S., Cheong, W. L., & Lee, S. W. H. (2023). Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward pre-diabetes among the public, patients with pre-diabetes and healthcare professionals: A systematic review. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 11, e003203. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003203
Twigg, M. J., Poland, F., Bhattacharya, D., Desborough, J. A., & Wright, D. J. (2013). The current and future roles of community pharmacists: Views and experiences of patients with type 2 diabetes. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 9, 777‒789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.10.004
Valliant, S. N., Burbage, S. C., Pathak, S., & Urick, B. Y. (2022). Pharmacists as accessible health care providers: quantifying the opportunity. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 28, 85‒90. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.1.85
Wallymahmed, M. (2022). Final-year student nurses’ knowledge and understanding of diabetes and its application to practice. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 26, 236.
Westberg, S. M., Bumgardner, M. A., Brown, M. C., & Frueh, J. (2010). Impact of an elective diabetes course on student pharmacists' skills and attitudes. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 74, 49. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj740349
Westrick, S. C., Helms, K. L., McDonough, S. K., & Breland, M. L. (2009). Factors influencing pharmacy students' attendance decisions in large lectures. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 73, 83. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj730583
Woit, C., Yuksel, N., & Charrois, T.L. (2020). Pharmacy and medical students' competence and confidence with prescribing: A cross-sectional study. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 12, 1311‒1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2020.06.005
Wongwiwatthananukit, S., Zeszotarski, P., Thai, A., Fuller, R., Owusu, Y., Tan, C., Gomez, L., & Holuby, S. (2013). A training program for pharmacy students on providing diabetes care. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 77, 153. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe777153
Wu, M.J., Zhao, K., & Fils-Aime, F. (2022). Response rates of online surveys in published research: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100206