An educational process to transfer research into the pharmacist’s daily practice: An observational study in community pharmacies
Keywords:
Counselling, learning, mental health, research, pharmacist, womenAbstract
Background
Pharmacists, as primary health care professionals, are being assigned in following drug therapy. This increased responsibility requires pharmacists a more patient-centred role.
Aims
The aim is to assess the learning method promoting knowledge and awareness of community pharmacists regarding the occurrence of stressful life events in women who use anxiolytic and antidepressant medicines.
Method
The educational activities were carried out during 2008 in three phases: pharmacist training, epidemiological observational study and reflection.
Results
The high participation rate (88%) and the large number of women were recruited (n = 11357) during the observational study, indicates that the community pharmacists were motivated and interested in this project both for its epidemiological and learning aspects.
Pharmacists during this experience were not only involved in dispensing advice on medication purposes and side effects, but they also showed interest in listening to women‟s expressed needs.
Conclusion
It is important to develop strategies that improve understanding of modern communication models among community pharmacists.
References
D‟Incau P., Gangemi M. &, Tubini J et al. (2009) La formazione come ricerca nella pratica quotidiana del farmacista. Diaologo sui Farmaci, 3,116-117.
D‟Incau P., Barbui C., Tubini J. & Conforti A. (2011) Stressful life events and social-health factors in women using anxiolytics and antidepressants. An Italian observational study in community pharmacies. Gender Medicine Journal. (Article accepted for pubblication)
Duetz M.S., Abel T. & Niemann S. (2003) Health measures: differentiating associations with gender and socio- economic status. Eur J Public Health, 13, 313-319.
Eurispes - Istituto di studi politici, economici e sociali, editor. XXII° Rapporto Italia 2010. (2010) [Online] Available from http://www.eurispes.it/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=1095:rapporto- italia-2010&catid=47:rapporto-italia&Itemid=222 [Accessed 21st January 2011].
Gwendolyn P.K. (2007) Psychosocial and Cultural Contributions to Depression in Women: Considerations for Women Midlife and Beyond. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 13 (9, Supplement A), S12-S5 .
Kaufman DM. (2003). Applying educational theory in practice. BMJ, 326 (7382), 213-216.
Hatch S.L. & Dohrenwend B.P. (2207) Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, SES and age: a review of the research. Am J Community Psychol, 40,313-332.
Hohmann AA. (1989) Gender Bias in Psychotropic Drug Prescribing in Primary Care. Medical Care, 27, 478-490.
Howland R.H.J. (2009) Somatic therapies for seasonal affective disorder. Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 47(1),17-20.
J.J Guilbert (1987) Educational Handbook for Health Personnel Sixth Edition. WHO Offset Publication.
Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut for Sociology of Health and Medicine (2001) Health promotion in General Practice and Community Pharmacy. Conclusions and Proposals from a European Project [Online] Available from http:// www.univie.ac.at/phc/e/tx_1010_18.htm [Accessed 3th July 2009].
McDonough R.P, Bennett MS. (2006) Improving communication skills of pharmacy students through effective precepting. Am J Pharm Educ, 15; 70(3), 58.
Mort J.R. & Aparasu R.R.(2002) Prescribing of Psychotropics in the Elderly: Why is it So Often Inappropriate? CNS Drugs, 16 (2) 99-109(11).
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, editor (NICE). (2004). Anxiety: management of anxiety (panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) in adults in primary, secondary and community care. Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care. [Online] Available from http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG22 and http:// guidance.nice.org.uk/CG23. Accessed March 15, 2010. [Accessed 21st January 2011].
Paykel E. S. (1997) The interview for recent life events. Psychological Medicine, 27, 301-310.
Pendergast J.F., Kimberlin C.L., Berardo D.H. & McKenzie L.C. (1995) Role orientation and community pharmacists' participation in a project to improve patient care. Social Science & Medicine, 40 (4), 557-65.
Pfleger D. E., Lorna W., McHattie H., Diack L., McCaig D. J. & Derek C. Views (2008) Attitudes and self-assessed training needs of Scottish community pharmacists to public health practice and competence. Pharmacy World and Science, 30, 801–809.
Rantucci M. J. (2006) Pharmacists Talking with Patients: A Guide to Patient Counselling. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Rodis J.L., Legg J.E. & Casper K.A. (2008) Partner for Promotion: an innovative advanced community pharmacy practice experience. Am J Pharm Educ, 72, 134.
Rouse M J. (2004) Continuing professional development in pharmacy. Am Journal of Health-System Pharmacists, 61, 2069-76.
Sarason I. G, Johnson J.H. & Siegel J.M. (1978) Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the life experiences survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(5), 932-46.
Scheerder G. De Coster I. & Van Audenhove C. (2008) Pharmacists' role in depression care: a survey of attitudes, current practices, and barriers. Psychiatric Services, 59(10),1155-60.
Sleath B., Wurst K. & Lowery T. 2003 Drug information sources and antidepressant adherence. Community Mental Health Journal, 39(4),359-68.
Spencer J A & Jordan R K. (1999) Education and debate. Learner centred approaches in medical education. British Medical Journal, 318,1280-1283.
Verdonk P., Benschop Y.W., de Haes H.C. & Lagro-Janssen T.L. (2009) From gender bias to gender awareness in medical education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract.,14, 135-152
Ziebland S. & McPherson A. (2006) Making sense of qualitative data analysis: an introduction with illustrations from DIPEx (personal experiences of health and illness).Medical Education, 40(5), 405-14.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Gender and women's mental health [Online] Available from http:// www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/ en/ [Accessed 21st January 2011].
