Evaluating the impact of the ‘Antibiotic Guardian Schools Ambassadors’ programme on UK trainee pharmacists’ learning and development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2025.251.204229Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistance, Attitude, Education, Knowledge, Pharmacy, TraineeAbstract
Background: The Antibiotic Guardian Schools Ambassadors programme engages healthcare professionals and scientists with young people to educate them about antibiotic use and resistance. In 2022, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and a national pharmacy chain involved trainee pharmacists across the UK in this effort. This study aims to evaluate the impact of participating in the Antibiotic Guardian Schools Ambassadors programme on UK trainee pharmacists’ learning and development.
Methods: Trainee pharmacists in the program received a digital toolkit to help plan and deliver educational lessons on antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance to young people in their communities. Pre- and post-project questionnaires assessed changes in their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours regarding these topics, as well as the impact of their participation on their learning and development.
Results: The study included 195 trainee pharmacists from the UK, with a 67% participation rate. Only 45 post-project responses were received (23% response rate). The responses indicated that trainee pharmacists felt knowledgeable about antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance, and they benefitted personally and professionally from the project.
Conclusion: Trainee pharmacists took part in a national public health campaign, enhancing their knowledge, skills, and confidence while meeting General Pharmaceutical Council outcomes. Future improvements should focus on increasing post-project response rates and including pharmacy professionals from diverse organizations and sectors.
References
Ahmed, S. K., Hussein, S., Qurbani, K., Ibrahim, R. H., Fareeq, A., Mahmood, K. A., & Mohamed, M. G. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 2(1), 100081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100081
Ahmer Raza, M., Aziz, S., Noreen, M., Anjum, I., & Raza, S. M. (2022). A portrait of the pharmacy profession globally: Pharmacist universal professional identity and establishment of global pharmacy council. Innovations in Pharmacy, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v13i1.4502
Ashiru-Oredope, D., Hopkins, S., Vasandani, S., Umoh, E., Oloyede, O., Nilsson, A., Kinsman, J., Elsert, L., Monnet, D. L., & ECDC Antibiotic Survey Project Advisory Group. (2021). Healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with respect to antibiotics, antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance across 30 EU/EEA countries in 2019. Euro surveillance: European communicable disease bulletin, 26(12), 1900633. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.12.1900633
Dadgostar, P. (2019). Antimicrobial resistance: Implications and costs. Infection and Drug Resistance, 12(1), 3903‒3910. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S234610
Dyar, O. J., Hills, H., Seitz, L. T., Perry, A., & Ashiru-Oredope, D. (2018). Assessing the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of human and animal health students towards antibiotic use and resistance: A pilot cross-sectional study in the UK. Antibiotics, 7(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7010010
Galdas, P. (2017). Revisiting bias in qualitative research: Reflections on its relationship with funding and impact. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917748992
General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC). (2024). GPhC registers data – The GPhC register as of 30 November 2024 – Trend data. https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/about-us/publications-and-insights/research-data-and-insights/gphc-registers-data
Gilchrist, M., Wade, P., Ashiru-Oredope, D., Howard, P., Sneddon, J., Whitney, L., & Wickens, H. (2015). Antimicrobial stewardship from policy to practice: experiences from UK antimicrobial pharmacists. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 4(1), 51‒64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-015-0080-z
Herbert, S. M. C., Falcione, B., Hutar, M., & McGivney, M., Carroll, J. C. (2024). Expanding public health initiatives through community pharmacies and student pharmacists: A programmatic case study. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association: JAPhA, 64(6), 102191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2024.102191
Inácio, J., Barnes, L. M., Jeffs, S., Castanheira, P., Wiseman, M., Inácio, S., Bowler, L., & Lansley, A. (2017). Master of Pharmacy students' knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning, 9(4), 551–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2017.03.021
Jairoun A., Hassan N., Ali A., Jairoun O., & Shahwan M. (2019). Knowledge, attitude and practice of antibiotic use among university students: A cross sectional study in UAE. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 518. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6878-y
Kelly, D. V., Young, S., Phillips, L., & Clark, D. (2014). Patient attitudes regarding the role of the pharmacist and interest in expanded pharmacist services. Canadian Pharmacists Journal, 147(4), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163514535731
Lai, W. M., Islahudin, F. H., Khan, R., & Chong, W. W. (2022). Pharmacists' perspectives of their roles in antimicrobial stewardship: A qualitative study among hospital pharmacists in Malaysia. Antibiotics, 11(2), 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020219
Lim, K., Olsen, A., Broom, A., & Seale, H. (2022). Review of position statements on antimicrobial resistance and stewardship from professional pharmacy organisations. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 18(1), 3974‒3979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.07.001
Majumder, M. A., Rahman, S., Cohall, D., Bharatha, A., Singh, K., Haque, M., & Gittens-St Hilaire, M. (2020). Antimicrobial stewardship: Fighting antimicrobial resistance and protecting global public health. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13(1), 4713‒4738. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S290835
Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., & Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: Potential public health implications. Molecules, 23(4), 795. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040795
McNicholas, M., & Hooper, G. (2022). Effects of patient education to reduce antibiotic prescribing rates for upper respiratory infections in primary care. Family Practice, 39(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmab054
McNulty, C. A., Collin, S. M., Cooper, E., Lecky, D. M., & Butler, C. C. (2019). Public understanding and use of antibiotics in England: findings from a household survey in 2017. BMJ Open, 9(10), e030845. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030845
Meterko, M., Restuccia, J. D., Stolzmann, K., Mohr, D., Brennan, C., Glasgow, J., & Kaboli, P. (2015). Response rates, nonresponse bias, and data quality: Results from a national survey of senior healthcare leaders. Public Opinion Quarterly, 79(1), 130‒144. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu052
Mhade, S., Kadam, S., Kaushik, K. (2023). Talk To A Scientist: a Framework for a Webinar-Based Outreach Program for Scientists to Engage with K-12 Students. Journal of microbiology & biology education, 24(2), e00046-23. https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.00046-23
Munita, J. M., & Arias, C. A. (2016). Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Microbiology Spectrum Journal, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015
Nair, C. S., Adams, P., & Mertova, P. (2008). Student engagement: The key to improving survey response rates. Quality in Higher Education, 14(3), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320802507505
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2015) NICE guideline NG15. Antimicrobial stewardship: systems and processes for effective antimicrobial medicine use. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG15
Naylor, N. R., Atun, R., Zhu, N., Kulasabanathan, K., Silva, S., Chatterjee, A., Knight, G. M., & Robotham, J. V. (2018). Estimating the burden of antimicrobial resistance: A systematic literature review. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 7(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0336-y
NHS Health Research Authority, UKRI, Medical Research Council. (2022). Is my study research? https://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk/research/
Otieno, P. A., Campbell, S., Maley, S., Arunga, T., & Okumu, M. (2022). A systematic review of pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 3639943. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3639943
Pokharel, S., Raut, S., & Adhikari, B. (2019). Tackling antimicrobial resistance in low-income and middle-income countries. BMJ Global Health, 4(6), e002104. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002104
Powell, R. E., Felt-Lisk, S., Chen, A., & Sullivan, C. (2023). Optimising clinical guidelines to address antimicrobial-resistant infections: A conceptual framework reflecting stakeholder perspectives. Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology: ASHE, 3(1), e30. https://doi.org/10.1017/ash.2022.319
Prestinaci, F., Pezzotti, P., & Pantosti, A. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and Global Health, 109(7), 309‒318. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
Public Health England. (2018). National campaign: Keep antibiotics working. https://antibioticguardian.com/keep-antibiotics-working/
Suresan, V., Jnaneswar, A., Swati, S. P., Jha, K., Goutham, B. S., & Kumar, G. (2019). The impact of outreach programs on academics development, personal development and civic responsibilities of dental students in Bhubaneswar city. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_56_19
Tariq, S., & Woodman, J. (2013). Using mixed methods in health research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Short Reports, 4(6), 2042533313479197. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042533313479197
UK Health Security Agency. (2023). English Surveillance Programme for Antimicrobial Utilisation and Resistance (ESPAUR) report, 2022 to 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/english-surveillance-programme-antimicrobial-utilisation-and-resistance-espaur-report
Wasti, S.P., Simkhada, P., van Teijlingen, E.R., Sathian, B., & Banerjee, I. (2022). The growing importance of mixed-methods research in health. Nepal Journal of Epidemiology, 12(1), 1175‒1178. https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v12i1.43633
White, S., Gifford, A., & Frisher, M. (2021). Experiential learning in public health: evaluation of a health promotion campaign assessment for pharmacy students. Pharmacy Education, 21(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2021.211.5664
Wong, L. H., Tay, E., Heng, S. T., Guo, H., Kwa, A. L., Ng, T. M., Chung, S. J., Somani, J., Lye, D. C., & Chow, A. (2021). Hospital pharmacists and antimicrobial stewardship: A qualitative analysis. Antibiotics, 10(12), 1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121441