Experiential learning and community engagement in fostering social entrepreneurship among pharmacy undergraduates

Authors

  • Eng Wee Chua Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Mohd Hanif Zulfakar Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Adliah Mhd Ali Centre for Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Haliza Katas Centre for Drug Delivery Technology and Vaccine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Juriyati Jalil Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • Nor Syafinaz Yaakob Centre for Drug and Herbal Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4726-1972

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2026.261.112

Keywords:

Community project, Experiential learning, Pharmacy education, Social entrepreneurship, Soft skill

Abstract

Background: Entrepreneurship is an increasingly indispensable element of higher education due to its potential application in providing sustainable solutions to various social issues. Delivering entrepreneurship education to university students with diverse backgrounds and not just business students require innovative and integrative approaches. Given the lack of social elements in the current entrepreneurship education for pharmacy students, introducing a social entrepreneurship module might be beneficial. The objective of the present study is to develop and evaluate a new module for teaching social entrepreneurial skills to pharmacy students.    

Methods: This report describes the conception and implementation of an experiential learning module as a student-led community project within the Bachelor of Pharmacy programme at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuala Lumpur Campus, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The effectiveness of the one-semester module was analysed via students’ reflection essays on their experiences of participating in the project, and thematic data was coded and summarised.    

Results: Most students reported gaining organisational and interpersonal skills such as effective communication and teamwork. Notably, some students also developed entrepreneurial skills and social awareness.    

Conclusion: The outcomes of this study showed that the entrepreneurship module was effective and well received by pharmacy students and may be replicated for effective teaching of entrepreneurship at other universities.

References

Afeli, S. A., & Adunlin, G. (2022). Curriculum content for innovation and entrepreneurship education in US pharmacy programs. Industry and Higher Education, 36(1), 13‒18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422220986314

Backes, D. S., Colomé, J. S., Mello, G. B., Gomes, R. C. C., Lomba, M. L. L. F., & Ferreira, C. L. L. (2022). Social entrepreneurship in the professional training in nursing. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 75(3), e20220391. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0391

Bacq, S., & Alt, E. (2018). Feeling capable and valued: A prosocial perspective on the link between empathy and social entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 333‒350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.01.004

Baden, D. & Parkes, C. (2013), Experiential learning: Inspiring the business leaders of tomorrow. Journal of Management Development, 32(3), 295‒308. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711311318283

Bennion, J., Cannon, B., Hill, B., Nelson, R., & Ricks, M. (2020). Asking the right questions: Using reflective essays for experiential assessment. Journal of Experiential Education, 43(1), 37‒54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825919880202

Boffo, V., Gamberi, L., Lim, H., & Aisha, N. (2020). Entrepreneurship education around the world: A possible comparison. Andragoske studije, 77‒100. https://doi.org/10.5937/AndStud2001077B

Boyles, T. (2012). 21st century knowledge, skills, and abilities and entrepreneurial competencies: A model for undergraduate entrepreneurship education. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 15, 41.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications.

Chang, J., Benamraoui, A., & Rieple, A. (2014). Learning-by-doing as an approach to teaching social entrepreneurship. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 51(5), 459-471. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2013.785251

DiPietro Mager, N., Ernst, K. M., Parker, K. W., Bates, B. N., & Aronson, B. D. (2021). A required course in leadership, entrepreneurship, and administration in pharmacy. Pharmacy Education, 21, 626–641. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2021.211.626641

Dobson, S., Maas, G., Jones, P., & Lockyer, J. (2018). Experiential learning through the transformational incubation programme: A case study from Accra, Ghana. In Hyams-Ssekasi, D., Caldwell, E. (eds) Experiential learning for entrepreneurship. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90005-6_12

Dy-Boarman, E. A., & Ulrich, E. (2022). Implementation and evaluation of a practice transformation advanced pharmacy practice experience. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 14(6), 758‒764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2022.06.015

Eroglu, O., & Piçak, M. (2011). Entrepreneurship, national culture and Turkey. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(16).

Faison, T. (2021). A certificate in innovation and entrepreneurship with a concentration in social entrepreneurship for occupational therapy doctoral students. (Doctoral dissertation, Boston University).

Fedesco, H. N., Cavin, D., & Henares, R. (2020). Field-based learning in higher education: Exploring the benefits and possibilities. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 20, 65‒84. https://doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v20i1.24877

Giacomin, O., Janssen, F., Pruett, M., Shinnar, R. S., Llopis, F., & Toney, B. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions, motivations and barriers: Differences among American, Asian and European students. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 219‒238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0155-y

Gibb, A. (2002). In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning: Creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(3), 233‒269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00086

Hickman, T., & Stoica, M. (2023). Employer’s perception of new hires: What determines their overall satisfaction with recent graduates? The Journal of Research In Business Education, 63(1), 6‒23. https://jrbe.nbea.org/index.php/jrbe/article/view/92

Hirshfield, L. E., & Underman, K. (2017). Empathy in medical education: A case for social construction. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(4), 785‒787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.10.027

Hockerts, K. (2018). The effect of experiential social entrepreneurship education on intention formation in students. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 234‒256. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2018.1498377

Hodza-Beganovic, R., Berggren, P., Hugelius, K., & Edelbring, S. (2021). Survey-based experiential learning as a new approach to strengthening non-technical skills in LMIC health care settings. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02619-6

Hope, D. L., Rogers, G. D., Grant, G. D., & King, M. A. (2021). Experiential learning in a gamified pharmacy simulation: A qualitative exploration guided by semantic analysis. Pharmacy, 9(2), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020081

Howorth, C., Smith, S. M., & Parkinson, C. (2012). Social learning and social entrepreneurship education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 371‒389. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2011.0022

Hussain, I. (2012). Use of constructivist approach in higher education: An instructors’ observation. Creative Education, 3(02), 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.32028

International Pharmaceutical Federation. (2021). Community pharmacy at a glance 2021. Regulation, scope of practice, remuneration, and distribution of medicines through community pharmacy premises and other outlets. https://www.fip.org/file/5015

Kay, D., & Kibble, J. (2016). Learning theories 101: application to everyday teaching and scholarship. Advances in physiology education, 40(1), 17‒25. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00132.2015

Kickul, J., Gundry, L., Mitra, P., & Berçot, L. (2018). Designing with purpose: Advocating innovation, impact, sustainability, and scale in social entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 1(2), 205‒221. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127418772177

Kirby, D. A., & Ibrahim, N. (2011). The case for (social) entrepreneurship education in Egyptian universities. Education + Training, 53(5), 403‒415. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911111147712

Khoo, E., Zegwaard, K., & Adam, A. (2020). Employer and academic staff perceptions of science and engineering graduate competencies. Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, 25(1), 103‒118. https://doi.org/10.1080/22054952.2020.1801238

Klucznik-Tӧrő, A. (2021). The new progression model of entrepreneurial education—Guideline for the development of an entrepreneurial university with a sustainability approach. Sustainability, 13(20), 11243. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011243

Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (Vol. 1). Pearson Education, Inc.

Laverty, G., Hanna, L.-A., Haughey, S., & Hughes, C. (2015). Developing entrepreneurial skills in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 79(7), 106‒106. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe797106

Lindgren, B. M., Lundman, B., & Graneheim, U. H. (2020). Abstraction and interpretation during the qualitative content analysis process. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 108, 103632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103632

Lourenço, F., Taylor, T., & Taylor, D. (2013). Integrating "education for entrepreneurship" in multiple faculties in "half-the-time" to enhance graduate entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-04-2013-0052

Luke, B., & Chu, V. (2013). Social enterprise versus social entrepreneurship: An examination of the ‘why’ and ‘how’ in pursuing social change. International Small Business Journal, 31(7), 764‒784. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242612462598

Manevska, S., Asare Baffour Danquah, K., Fiifi Afful, C., Smerdova, J., & Manev, N. (2018). Bridging the gap between university curriculum and industrial needs: A case study of teaching interpersonal skills. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(1), 61‒69. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2018.60425

Martin, C. M. (2011). Entrepreneurs: Leading the way to pharmacy's future. Consult Pharm, 26(12), 903‒906. https://doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2011.903

Mattingly, T. J., Abdelwadoud, M., Mullins, C. D., & Eddington, N. D. (2019a). Pharmapreneur – Defining a framework for entrepreneurship in pharmacy education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(10), 7548. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7548

Mattingly, T. J., Mullins, C. D., Melendez, D. R., Boyden, K., & Eddington, N. D. (2019b). A systematic review of entrepreneurship in pharmacy practice and education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(3), 7233. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7233

McCartney, J., & Boschmans, S.-A. (2018). South African pharmacy student perspectives of a hospital-based experiential learning programme. Pharmacy Education, 18, 29‒40. https://pharmacyeducation.fip.org/pharmacyeducation/article/view/539

Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. (2021). Entrepreneurship Action Plan (for) Higher Education Institutions 2021-2025. https://www.mohe.gov.my/muat-turun/penerbitan-jurnal-dan-laporan/ptk-ipt/2021-2025/522-ptk-ipt-2021-2025-bi/file

Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2024). Farmasi Komuniti di Malaysia. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/farmasi/viz/FarmasiKomunitidiMalaysia/Dashboard12

Mogul, A., Laughlin, E., & Lynch, S. (2020). A Co-curricular activity to introduce pharmacy students to the concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(8), ajpe7805. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7805

Mukhalalati, B. A., & Taylor, A. (2019). Adult learning theories in context: A quick guide for healthcare professional educators. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 6, 2382120519840332 https://doi.org/10.1177/2382120519840332

Mwawaka J. S. (2023). Pharmacy practice innovation: Pharmacist embeddedness as a comprehensive framework for collaborative practice. Innovations in pharmacy, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v14i2.4908

Nguyen, E. V., Kim, S. H., Islam, M. A., Chang, Y., Aoyagi, J., & Hussain, A. (2022). An entrepreneurial activity implementation and assessment among pharmacy students amid the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Pharmacy Education, 22(1), 16‒22. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.221.1622

O ‘Flynn, E., Stephens, S., Cunningham, I., Burke, A., & McLaughlin, C. (2023). Experiential learning and the entrepreneurial university: An Irish case study. Industry & Higher Education, 37(5), 663‒672. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221151146

Omodan, B. I. (2022). The potency of social constructivism on classroom productivity in universities. Studies in Learning and Teaching, 3(1), 36‒45. https://doi.org/10.46627/silet

Pamungkas, S. F., Widiastuti, I., & Suharno, S. (2020). 21 st Century learning: Experiential learning to enhance critical thinking in vocational education. 1345‒1355.

https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080427

Prince, S., Chapman, S., & Cassey, P. (2021). The definition of entrepreneurship: is it less complex than we think? International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(9), 26‒47. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2019-0634

Quality Assurance Agency (QAA). (2018). Enterprise and entrepreneurship education: Guidance for UK higher education providers. The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education: Gloucester. http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/Enterprise-and- entrpreneurship-education-2018.pdf

Rae, D., & Carswell, M. (2013). Using a life-story approach in researching entrepreneurial learning: The development of a conceptual model and its implications in the design of learning experiences. Education and Training, 42. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910010373660

Refai, D., & Klapper, R. (2016). Enterprise education in pharmacy schools: Experiential learning in institutionally constrained contexts. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 22(4), 485‒509. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2015-0162

Salamzadeh, A., Azimi, M., & Kirby, D. A. (2013). Social entrepreneurship education in higher education: insights from a developing country. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 20, 17‒34. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2013.055691

Shahiwala, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship skills development through project-based activity in Bachelor of Pharmacy program. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 9(4), 698‒706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2017.03.017

Shahverdi, M., Ismail, K., & Qureshi, M. I. (2018). The effect of perceived barriers on social entrepreneurship intention in Malaysian universities: The moderating role of education. Management Science Letters, 8, 341‒352. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2018.4.014

Shealy, K. M., & McCaslan, M. (2018). Incorporating an entrepreneurial certificate into the pharmacy curriculum. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(8), 932‒936. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe6701

Singh, A., Morrissey, H., & Ball, P. (2020). Experiential learning opportunities for undergraduate pharmacy students in community pharmacies in the United Kingdom. Journal of Pharmacy Management, 36(1), 12. https://wlv.openrepository.com/items/5bd5fb0f-55c9-4b45-ac82-e5f026d79584

Subban, P. (2006). Differentiated instruction: A research basis. International education journal, 7(7), 935‒947.

Succi, C., & Canovi, M. (2020). Soft skills to enhance graduate employability: Comparing students and employers’ perceptions. Studies in Higher Education, 45(9), 1834‒1847. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1585420

Worsham, E. L. (2012). Reflections and insights on teaching social entrepreneurship: An interview with Greg Dees. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 11, 442‒452. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2011.0024

Verwij-Wood, S. A., & Kruger, J. S. (2025). Public health entrepreneurs wanted: Integrating the entrepreneurial spirit in the MPH curriculum. Pedagogy in Health Promotion, 11(4), 278‒282. https://doi.org/10.1177/23733799251316875

Yong, B. P., & Ling. Y. L. (2023). Skills gap: The perceptions of importance of soft skills in graduate employability between employers and graduates. Journal of Techno-Social, 15(1), 16‒33.

Yu, C. C., Tan, L., LE, M. K., Tang, B., Liaw, S. Y., Tierney, T., Ho, Y. Y., Lim, B. E. E., Lim, D., Ng, R., Chia, S. C., & Low, J. A. (2022). The development of empathy in the healthcare setting: a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 245. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03312-y

Downloads

Published

10-01-2026

How to Cite

Chua, E. W., Zulfakar, M. H., Mhd Ali, A., Katas, H., Jalil, J., & Yaakob, N. S. (2026). Experiential learning and community engagement in fostering social entrepreneurship among pharmacy undergraduates . Pharmacy Education, 26(1), p. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2026.261.112

Issue

Section

Programme Description