Knowledge, attitude and use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in general and herbal remedy in specific among Egyptian pharmacy students and pharmacists
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2026.261.487496Keywords:
Complementary and alternative medicine, Herbal medicine, Pharmacy student, PharmacistAbstract
Background: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), particularly herbal remedies, has gained widespread global use. However, the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacy professionals concerning CAM are often inconsistent.
Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding CAM among 110 pharmacy students and graduates in Egypt using a self-administered questionnaire.
Results: Most respondents (47.27%) possessed a moderate level of CAM knowledge, primarily acquired through university courses (70%). Herbal remedies were the most commonly used CAM practice, with 39.09% of respondents reporting personal use. While a majority of participants (73.64%) supported recommending CAM under specific conditions, only 32.73% expressed a strong interest in pursuing further academic training in this field.
Although most respondents (57.27%) perceived CAM treatments as moderately effective, significant concerns regarding their safety and regulation were evident. A substantial portion of participants (53.21%) advocated for stricter regulatory oversight of CAM products, and 60% believed that herbal medicines should be exclusively dispensed through pharmacies as regulated products.
Conclusion: The findings identify gaps in formal pharmacy education concerning safe and effective application of CAM. Enhancing pharmacy curricula with evidence-based CAM content and strengthening regulatory frameworks are recommended.References
Ali, H. H., Alharbi, S. F., Iskandar, R. A., Mira, G. B., Yanogue, A. S., & Alboualy, E. A. (2024). Perception and use of herbal medicine in general practice patients: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia, 16(3), e56806. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56806
Alnaim, L., Almazrou, S., Alsunbul, M., Alhaji, A., Alenazi, A., & Alboami, S. (2018). Pharmacist’s knowledge and attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Advances in Integrative Medicine, 5(3), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2018.01.003
Amorha, K. C., Joda, A. E., Ayogu, E. E., & Ubaka, C. M. (2017). Community pharmacists' assessment of the factors that influence the recommendation of complementary medicines in Lagos State, Nigeria: a pilot study. West African Journal of Pharmacy, 28(1), 71–84.
Bushett, N. J., Dickson-Swift, V. A., Willis, J. A., & Wood, P. (2011). Rural Australian community pharmacists' views on complementary and alternative medicine: a pilot study. BMC complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11(1), 103.
Ebers papyrus. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebers-papyrus
Fathy, H., El-Hawy, R., & Hassan, R. (2019). Attitudes, knowledge and practice of herbal remedy use among the population visiting pharmacies and health care providers in Alexandria, Egypt: a cross-sectional study. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 30 (2), 1–10. https://journalejmp.com/index.php/EJMP/article/view/783/1571
Guven, H., Kalkan, Sule, Hocaoglu, Nil, Yildiztepe, Engin, Gokalp, Gamze. (2019). Evaluation of the knowledge level and usage attitudes of the medical students on the medicinal herbs and herbal products: a project of special study module in the first three years of the school of medicine. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 8(3), 394–401. doi:https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20190566
Hijazi, M. A., Shatila, H., El-Lakany, A., Ela, M. A., Kharroubi, S., Alameddine, M., & Naja, F. (2019). Beliefs, practices and knowledge of community pharmacists regarding complementary and alternative medicine: national cross-sectional study in Lebanon. BMJ open, 9(3), e025074. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025074
Humadi, S., Hassan, S. M., & Ahjel, S. W. (2024). Herbal medicine between current practice and knowledge needs: a national cross-sectional survey in Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 33(4), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss4pp208-218
Ibrahima, A., & Lawal, B. (2022). Assessment of awareness, use, attitude and the perceived need for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) education, among undergraduate pharmacy students. Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 18(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v18i2.6
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public. (2005). Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States. The National Academies Press.
Jalil, B., Naser, A. Y., Prieto, J. M., & Heinrich, M. (2022). Herbal supplements in Jordan: a cross-sectional survey of pharmacists’ perspectives and knowledge. BMJ open, 12(7), e057405. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057405
James, P. B., & Bah, A. J. (2014). Awareness, use, attitude and perceived need for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) education among undergraduate pharmacy students in Sierra Leone: a descriptive cross-sectional survey. BMC complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1), 438. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-438
Khan, N., McGarry, K., Naqvi, A. A., Iqbal, M. S., & Haider, Z. (2020). Pharmacists' viewpoint towards their professional role in healthcare system: a survey of hospital settings of Pakistan. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 610. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05459-0
Koh, H.-L., Teo, H.-H., & Ng, H.-L. (2003). Pharmacists' patterns of use, knowledge, and attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine, 9(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555303321222946
McHuges, M., & Timmermann, B. N. (2005). A review of the use of CAM therapy and the sources of accurate and reliable information. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 11(8), 695–703. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2005.11.8.695
Metwaly, A. M., Ghoneim, M. M., Eissa, I. H., Elsehemy, I. A., Mostafa, A. E., Hegazy, M. M., . . . Dou, D. (2021). Traditional ancient Egyptian medicine: A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(10), 5823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.044
Møller, S. R., Ekholm, O., & Christensen, A. I. (2024). Trends in the use of complementary and alternative medicine between 1987 and 2021 in Denmark. BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 24(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04327-8
Qureshi, M., Zelinski, E., & Carlson, L. E. (2018). Cancer and complementary therapies: Current trends in survivors’ interest and use. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 17(3), 844–853. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735418762496
Shraim, N. Y., Shawahna, R., Sorady, M. A., Aiesh, B. M., Alashqar, G. S., Jitan, R. I., . . . Zyoud, S. e. H. (2017). Community pharmacists’ knowledge, practices and beliefs about complementary and alternative medicine in Palestine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 429. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1940-8
Tiralongo, E., & Wallis, M. (2008). Integrating complementary and alternative medicine education into the pharmacy curriculum. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(4), 74. https://doi.org/10.5688/aj720474
Van der Schee, E., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2010). Determinants of public trust in complementary and alternative medicine. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-128